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Breast cancer represents the most common malignancy in women, with animal models supporting primary and translational research. The review summarizes how genetic/environmental factors and reproductive hormones shape breast cancer risk, development, tumor biology, and response, including metastasis-relevant biological shifts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/predisposing-and-overall-effects-of-reproductive-hormones-on-breast-cancer-a-review/375648/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/predisposing-and-overall-effects-of-reproductive-hormones-on-breast-cancer-a-review/375648.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Oliver","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is breast cancer considered especially relevant in cancer research?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women and has extensive epidemiologic and experimental study importance, including animal models used for primary and translational research.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do reproductive hormones influence breast cancer development and risk?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review states that most breast cancers depend on hormones, and it describes how hormone therapy, including menopause and contraceptive hormone exposure, can reduce or modify risk depending on treatment type and regimen.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What role does the placental environment play according to the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The work highlights that placental hormones and the human placental secretome can promote survival and migration of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, while ER-negative tumors are more common in pregnant women.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},375648,1790870873,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Open Access Review  \nArticle DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45956  \nReceived 08/13/2023  \nReview began 09/01/2023  \nReview ended 09/16/2023  \nPublished 09/25/2023  \n© Copyright 2023  \nSarda et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0. , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited.  \nPredisposing and Overall Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Breast Cancer: A Review  \nAditya K. Sarda 1 , Sangita D. Jogdand 2  \n1. Medicine and Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND 2. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND  \nCorresponding author: Aditya K. Sarda, [adiksarda15@gmail.com](adiksarda15@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nCancer, the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, has been the subject of extensive and quickly changing scientific study and practice. Cancer remains a mystery despite the enormous effort put into understanding the genesis of cancerous cells, the development of malignant tissues, and the process by which they propagate and recur. Cells from humans that have been recruited by cancer and, to some extent, changed into pathogenic organisms or the foundation of tumors serve as agents of destruction. Understanding cancers leads to challenging philosophical issues since they undermine and use multicellular organization processes. Cancer metastasizing cells adopt new phenotypes while discarding previous behaviors. The absence of comprehensive knowledge of this has hampered the development of therapeutics for metastatic illness. For systems-level experimental and computational metastasis modeling, integrating these complex and interconnected features continues to be a problem because metastasis has typically been studied in separate physiological compartments. Lung, breast, and prostate cancers accounted for the bulk of the 18 million new cases of cancer that were diagnosed in 2018. The most frequent cancer in women is breast cancer. Animal experimentation plays a significant role in primary and translational breast cancer research. In theory, such breast cancer models should be comparable to breast cancer in humans in terms of tumor etiology, biological behavior, pathology, and treatment response.  \nCategories: Endocrinology/Diabetes/Metabolism, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Oncology  \nKeywords: ovarian hormones, uterine hormones, hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, placental hormones, breast cancer  \nIntroduction And Background  \nEpidemiologic research has dramatically benefited the current understanding of genetic and environmental carcinogenic factors for breast cancer. Breast cancer risk factors include race, familial history of the disease, ethnicity, genetics, and modifiable exposures such as increasing alcohol use, inactivity, exogenous hormone use, and unique female reproductive variables [1] . Carcinogenesis is related to changes in DNA methylation patterns. For instance, retinoic acid receptors-2 (RARb2) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoters were shown to be methylated in more than 90% of breast cancer patients. Hyaluronicglucosaminidase 2 (HYAL2) and hypomethylation of S 100 calcium-binding protein P (S 100P) were shown tobe connected with breast cancer patients from the 11 to 18 years age group. Since their discovery, noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have demonstrated potential noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic performance of breast cancer [2] . The majority of breast cancers depend on hormones. The promoter impact of hormone therapy (including menopause and contraceptive hormone therapy) on preexisting lesions reduces risk upon treatment cessation. Hormonal contraception somewhat raises the risk among current users. Still, the risk amplitude stays lo","cbCaimzLdBbSGtYl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimzLdBbSGtYl","pdf",142929,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction And Background\n## Epidemiologic risk factors and molecular mechanisms\n## Hormone therapy, hormones, and breast cancer risk modulation\n## Placental secretome and hormone-driven tumor biology\n## Hormone receptor pathways (PR isoforms) and research directions","[{\"question\":\"Why is breast cancer considered especially relevant in cancer research?\",\"answer\":\"Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women and has extensive epidemiologic and experimental study importance, including animal models used for primary and translational research.\"},{\"question\":\"How do reproductive hormones influence breast cancer development and risk?\",\"answer\":\"The review states that most breast cancers depend on hormones, and it describes how hormone therapy, including menopause and contraceptive hormone exposure, can reduce or modify risk depending on treatment type and regimen.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does the placental environment play according to the review?\",\"answer\":\"The work highlights that placental hormones and the human placental secretome can promote survival and migration of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, while ER-negative tumors are more common in pregnant women.\"}]","Predisposing and Overall Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Breast Cancer - A Review | PDF",1790215649,18]