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This study examined determinants of iron deficiency (ID), functional iron deficiency (FID), and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) using data from the 2015–2016 Malawi Micronutrients Survey, a nationally representative sample of PSC. Serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors, and haemoglobin were analysed, and logistic regression identified independent associations. ID prevalence was 19.6%, FID 50.3%, and IDA 4.7%, with higher risk linked to male sex, younger age, malaria referral/inflammation, undernutrition, and rural southern residence.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/predictors-of-iron-status-among-preschool-age-children-in-malawi-insights-from-a-micronutrient-survey/434762/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/predictors-of-iron-status-among-preschool-age-children-in-malawi-insights-from-a-micronutrient-survey/434762.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Nguyễn Văn Học","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which indicators were used to evaluate iron status in Malawian preschool-age children?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Iron status was assessed using biochemical markers including serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors, and haemoglobin levels.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What were the main prevalence estimates for iron-related conditions?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) was 19.6%, functional iron deficiency (FID) was 50.3%, and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) was 4.7%.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What factors were associated with higher odds of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Higher risk was seen among males, children under 36 months, children referred for clinical malaria or with inflammation, underweight children, and children living in rural areas or in Malawi’s southern region.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},434762,1791164271,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374402739827,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000c97e7351f1a627?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787885694763230660","ORIGINAL ARTICLE  \nInternational Health 2026; 18: 38–47  \n[https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaf054](https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaf054)  \nAdvance Access publication 19 May 2025  \nPredictors of iron status among preschool-age children in Malawi:  \ninsights from a micronutrient survey  \nPeter A. M. Ntenda a, ∗, Mfundi P.S. Motsa b,c, Jane K. Ntendad, Rex B. Mbewe a and Fentanesh N. Tiruneh e,f  \naMalaria Alert Centre, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi; bStrategic Information Department, Ministry of Health, Mbabane, Eswatini; c Behavioral Research and Innovations Unit, Educational Youth Empowerment, Manzini, Eswatini; d NBS House Corner Chipembere Highway and Johnstone Roads, Ginnery Corner, Chichiri, Blantyre 3 Malawi; e Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; fBahir Dar Food and Nutrition Research Center, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia  \n∗ Corresponding author: Tel: +265991260214; E-mail: [peterantenda@yahoo.com](peterantenda@yahoo.com)  \nReceived 6 March 2025; revised 15 April 2025; editorial decision 17 April 2025; accepted 22 April 2025  \nBackground: Poor iron status is a common nutritional condition affecting preschool-age children (PSC) in lowincome countries like Malawi. This study aimed to examine the determinants of iron deficiency (ID), functional iron deficiency (FID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) among Malawian PSC.  \nMethods: The study analysed data from the 2015–2016 Malawi Micronutrients Survey, which collected information from a nationally representative sample of PSC across Malawi. Iron status was evaluated through biochemical markers, including serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors and haemoglobin levels. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent factors associated with iron status.  \nResults: The prevalence of ID was 19.6%, FID was 50.3% and IDA was 4.7% . Males had higher odds of both ID and FID compared with females. Children \u003C36 months of age were at significantly greater risk for ID, FID and IDA compared with children ages 48–59 months. Additionally, children referred for clinical malaria or those with inflammation were more likely to have ID and FID compared with those children who did not. Underweight children had a higher risk of both ID and IDA compared with children who were well nourished. Living in rural areas or the southern region of Malawi further increased the likelihood of developing ID compared with children from urban areas and the northern region.  \nConclusions: The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive healthcare initiatives addressing nutritional deficiencies and malaria prevention in vulnerable groups, particularly young children in rural areas.  \nKeywords: child health, clinical malaria, inflammation, Malawi, undernutrition.  \nIntroduction  \nGlobally, iron deficiency (ID) is responsible for around 50% of anaemia cases and may lead to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) .1 However, other factors such as deficiencies in folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin A, chronic inflammation, parasitic infections like malaria and inherited disorders can also contribute to anaemia.2 Iron status i.e. the total amount of iron and iron availability in the body is used to assess the severity of ID.3 Iron is essential for several physiological functions, including oxygen transport, energy metabolism and DNA synthesis. ID remains one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide, particularly in developing countries.4 According to the World Health Organization  \n(WHO), ID affects 33% of non-pregnant women, 40% of pregnant women and 42% of children worldwide.5  \nBiochemically, assessment of iron status relies on laboratory tests measuring serum-based indicators,3 but there is no consensus on which indicators to prioritize due to their limitations, including poor ","cbCaiu760rZ2T7KD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiu760rZ2T7KD","pdf",797716,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Keywords\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Which indicators were used to evaluate iron status in Malawian preschool-age children?\",\"answer\":\"Iron status was assessed using biochemical markers including serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors, and haemoglobin levels.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main prevalence estimates for iron-related conditions?\",\"answer\":\"The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) was 19.6%, functional iron deficiency (FID) was 50.3%, and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) was 4.7%.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors were associated with higher odds of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia?\",\"answer\":\"Higher risk was seen among males, children under 36 months, children referred for clinical malaria or with inflammation, underweight children, and children living in rural areas or in Malawi’s southern region.\"}]","Predictors of iron status among preschool-age children in Malawi - insights from a micronutrient survey | PDF",1790670498,25]