[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-150616-en":3,"doc-seo-150616-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},150616,962075114101,"Seraphina","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e000253a75eb197efd?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780044092746381165",8,"Research & Report","Predictive Language Processing in the Complex Visual World in Children and Adults - Dissertation","Prediction in language comprehension extends beyond adults: even young children anticipate upcoming words when sentences are experienced within visual contexts. Using the Visual World Paradigm, participants hear semantically constraining, predictable sentences while viewing scenes containing prediction options and distractors. Eye movements, Index of Cognitive Activity, pupil size, and word-by-word reading times quantify visual prediction and cognitive load. Across studies, children and adults show multiple parallel predictions, with developmental links to language experience and evidence for additional processing costs under multiple competitors.","Predictive Language Processing in the Complex Visual World in Children and Adults  \nDissertation  \nzur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Fakultät HWBereich Empirische Humanwissenschaften der Universität des Saarlandes  \nvorgelegt von  \nLinda Sommerfeld  \naus Saarlouis  \nSaarbrücken, 2024  \nDekan:  \nProf. Dr. Peter Loos, Universität des Saarlandes  \nBerichterstatterinnen:  \nProf. Dr. Jutta Kray, Universität des Saarlandes Prof. Dr. Sabine Schäfer, Universität des Saarlandes  \nTag der Disputation:  \n22.02.2024  \nAbstract  \nGiven the sentence “On sunny days, Rose rides to work with her …”, it is likely that you predict the word “bicycle” before reading it. Notably, not only adults, but even children from an early age predict language, which is seen as one reason of why language comprehension is remarkably fast and accurate. In everyday-life language is usually received in visual contexts which can influence what a comprehender predicts. Imagine processing the above sentence while looking at the picture of a bicycle. This could make you even more likely to predict the noun “bicycle”. Thus, prediction research often applies the Visual World Paradigm. Here, participants listen to predictable sentences like the above while looking at visual scenes that show one visual prediction option that is (e.g., bicycle) and one distractor object that is not (e.g., cake) consistent with the predictive sentence context. When participants show an increase in fixations to the visual prediction option after the predictive cue was played (e.g.,“ride”), but prior to the target noun, this indexes prediction.  \nCognitive models argue that visually situated prediction involves two mechanisms. Predictive linguistic cues (e.g., the semantically constraining verb “ride”) cause the preactivation of the mental representations of prediction options such as “bicycle” in long-term memory. Ifa visual context allows to commit to a prediction option, this option is preupdated (i.e., pre-processed) in working memory. Given this, individual differences in verbal and cognitive abilities could influence visually situated prediction. That is, language experience could determine which long-term memory representations can be pre-activated, while working memory capacity could affect the ability to pre-update prediction options. Since children have smaller language experience and working memory capacity than adults, we used a developmental approach and compared children and adults in their prediction behavior in the visual world to test the above model assumptions.  \nFirst, we compared children and adults in their ability to make multiple predictions in parallel. With the Visual World Paradigm, adults have already been shown to rely on visual contexts to make multiple predictions: When hearing the sentence (“Rose rides to work with her …”) while looking at multiple “ridable” objects, adults have been shown to predict up to four sentence continuations in parallel. We examined whether also children can follow a multiple predictions pattern, or whether their limited language experience and cognitive capacity prevent them from doing so. Besides, since working memory engages more mental resources when more stimuli are processed, we examined whether children and adults show an increase in cognitive load to pre-update multiple versus only single prediction options in working memory. We examined whether this effect is more prominent in children given their smaller cognitive capacity. We finally investigated whether processing load of a predictable target word (e.g.,“bicycle”) is smaller when that word was pre-updated alone or among multiple competitors.  \nIn Chapter 1 we outline the theoretical background of this work. This is followed by an empirical section that addresses the above questions. We conducted two studies in which children and adults were presented with sentences with semantically constraining verbs and predictable target noun","cbCaigGom9g0P16d","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigGom9g0P16d","pdf",3744668,1,274,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n## Visual World Paradigm and prediction indexing\n## Cognitive mechanisms: long-term pre-activation and working-memory pre-update\n## Research questions and study structure\n## Study 1: eye-tracking and cognitive load measures\n## Study 2: self-paced reading and processing-cost evidence","[{\"question\":\"What is the Visual World Paradigm used to study in this dissertation?\",\"answer\":\"It studies how listeners predict upcoming words by measuring changes in fixations to visual prediction options while hearing predictable, semantically constraining sentences.\"},{\"question\":\"How do children and adults differ in multiple parallel predictions?\",\"answer\":\"Both groups show a multiple-predictions pattern, and children’s ability is positively related to their language experience, supporting a developmental account of prediction via long-term pre-activation.\"},{\"question\":\"What measures are used to assess cognitive load during sentence processing?\",\"answer\":\"The dissertation uses the Index of Cognitive Activity and pupil size in the eye-tracking experiment, and word processing times in a self-paced reading task.\"}]","Predictive Language Processing in the Complex Visual World in Children and Adults - 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