[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-126241-en":3,"doc-seo-126241-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},126241,2336475104042,"Skyler","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c32af1715be0?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786537525561427321",8,"Research & Report","Prediction and classification of diabetic retinopathy using machine learning techniques - comprehensive review","Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive, sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus caused by damage to retinal blood vessels. Early detection is essential to enable timely clinical intervention and reduce irreversible vision loss. The paper reviews recent advances that integrate machine learning and deep learning for automated DR diagnosis, covering DR definitions, pathological mechanisms, clinical signs, and staging from mild non-proliferative to severe proliferative disease. It evaluates how such models use diverse datasets to detect DR lesions like microaneurysms, exudates, and hemorrhages with high sensitivity and specificity, supporting ophthalmologists’ manual workflows.","Prediction and classification of diabetic retinopathy using machine learning techniques  \nMakhloufChaouki1, Mohamed Ridda Laouar1, Abbas Cheddad2, Bourougaa Salima1, Sean Eom3 1Laboratory of Mathematics, Informatics and Systems (LAMIS) Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University-Tebessa, Algeria  \n2Department of Computer Science, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden 3Department of Management, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, USA  \nArticle history:  \nReceived May 20, 2024 Revised Dec 21, 2024 Accepted Jan 19, 2025  \nKeywords:  \nDeep-learning Diabetic retinopathy DR dataset  \nImage retinal processing Machine-learning Retinal lesions  \nCorresponding Author:  \nDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive and sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina. Early detection of DR is vital for timely intervention and effective management to prevent irreversible vision loss. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in integrating machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques for diagnosing DR, aiming to assist ophthalmologists in their manual diagnostic process. The paper presents a comprehensive definition of DR, elucidating the underlying pathological processes, clinical signs, and the various stages of DR classification, ranging from mild non-proliferative to severe proliferative DR. Integrating ML and DL in DR diagnosis has developed the field by offering automated and efficient methods and techniques to analyze retinal images. With high sensitivity and specificity, these techniques demonstrate their efficacy in accurately identifying DR-related lesions, such as microaneurysms, exudates, and hemorrhages. Furthermore, the paper examines diverse datasets employed in training and evaluating ML and DL models for DR diagnosis. These datasets range from publicly available repositories to specialized datasets curated by medical institutions. The role of large-scale and diverse datasets in enhancing model robustness and generalizability is emphasized.  \nThis is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.  \nMakhloufChaouki  \nLaboratory of Mathematics, Informatics and Systems (LAMIS), Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University Tebessa, Algeria  \nEmail: [chaouki.makhlouf@univ-tebessa.dz](chaouki.makhlouf@univ-tebessa.dz)  \nArticle Info ABSTRACT  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nDiabetes mellitus is a systemic metabolic disorder recognized as the leading cause of acquired blindness among adults aged 25 to 74 in Western countries, accounting for 12% of all cases of blindness [1] . Diabetes is characterized by the impaired processing of food as energy in the body, which lacks either the ability to respond to insulin or to produce it [2] . Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that acts as a key to promoting blood sugar entry into cells for energy use. However, in individuals with type 2 diabetes, cells do not respond adequately to insulin, leading to a condition known as insulin resistance. To compensate, the pancreas increases insulin production to elicit a cell response. Over time, it becomes overwhelmed, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels [3] . Persistently high level of blood sugar poses significant harm to the body, contributing to serious health complications such as heart disease, kidney disease, and vision loss. High blood sugar can damage the small blood vessels throughout the body, especially when it coexists with other systemic disorders (such as high blood pressure, obesity, and hyperglycemia) [4] .  \nThe retina is one of the membranes affected by this disease [5] . This thin membrane lining the back of the eye comprises visual cells traversed by many small blood vessels. It receives light impressions from the outside and transmits them to the brain via the optic nerve [6] . The macula is located at the center of theretina. It is the part of the retina that provides the most significant visual acuity, and it allows ","cbCaiiwCjr9YdeFj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiwCjr9YdeFj","pdf",698393,7,1,13,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Diabetic retinopathy\n## The process of DR\n## The signs of DR\n## Lesion features and early detection","[{\"question\":\"Why is early detection of diabetic retinopathy important?\",\"answer\":\"Early detection enables timely diagnosis and treatment, helping prevent vision loss. DR can lead to blindness when symptoms appear after years of diabetes onset.\"},{\"question\":\"What pathological process drives diabetic retinopathy progression?\",\"answer\":\"High blood sugar weakens retinal capillaries, causing rupture and oxygen deprivation. The retina responds with neovascularization, which may invade the retina surface, bleed, and increase the risk of traction and detachment.\"},{\"question\":\"Which retinal lesions do machine learning and deep learning approaches aim to identify?\",\"answer\":\"The reviewed approaches detect DR-related lesions such as microaneurysms, exudates, and hemorrhages. Accurate lesion identification supports DR classification and diagnosis.\"}]","Prediction and classification of diabetic retinopathy using machine learning techniques - comprehensive review | PDF",1785904007,33,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":88,"head_meta":90,"extra_data":92,"updated_unix":29},"prediction-and-classification-of-diabetic-retinopathy-using-machine-learning-techniques-comprehensive-review","",{"@graph":37,"@context":87},[38,55,70],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/prediction-and-classification-of-diabetic-retinopathy-using-machine-learning-techniques-comprehensive-review/126241/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"author":57,"headline":13,"publisher":59,"fileFormat":62,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":63,"datePublished":64,"encodingFormat":62,"isAccessibleForFree":65,"interactionStatistic":66},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":58},"Person",{"url":42,"name":60,"@type":61},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-24","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":67,"interactionType":68,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":69},"ViewAction",{"@type":71,"mainEntity":72},"FAQPage",[73,79,83],{"name":74,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":76},"Why is early detection of diabetic retinopathy important?","Question",{"text":77,"@type":78},"Early detection enables timely diagnosis and treatment, helping prevent vision loss. DR can lead to blindness when symptoms appear after years of diabetes onset.","Answer",{"name":80,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":81},"What pathological process drives diabetic retinopathy progression?",{"text":82,"@type":78},"High blood sugar weakens retinal capillaries, causing rupture and oxygen deprivation. The retina responds with neovascularization, which may invade the retina surface, bleed, and increase the risk of traction and detachment.",{"name":84,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":85},"Which retinal lesions do machine learning and deep learning approaches aim to identify?",{"text":86,"@type":78},"The reviewed approaches detect DR-related lesions such as microaneurysms, exudates, and hemorrhages. Accurate lesion identification supports DR classification and diagnosis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":89,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":60,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":91,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":94},[95,99,103,107,112,117,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":54,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]