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The study analyzed TNIP1 mRNA and 13 transcription factors in CD14-tagged monocyte samples from 62 MDD patients and 52 healthy controls pre- and post-treatment (4–6 weeks), using ANCOVA, paired t-tests, and regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and smoking. Lower pre-treatment PPAR-γ predicted greater symptom improvement, with post-treatment TNIP1 upregulation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ppar-as-a-predictive-biomarker-for-antidepressant-response-in-major-depressive-disorder-insights-from-tnip1-transcriptional-regulation/407437/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ppar-as-a-predictive-biomarker-for-antidepressant-response-in-major-depressive-disorder-insights-from-tnip1-transcriptional-regulation/407437.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rhys","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What was the main purpose of analyzing TNIP1 and transcription factors in MDD?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To clarify TNIP1 transcriptional regulation and determine its relevance to antidepressant treatment response in major depressive disorder.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were participants and samples collected for the study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"MDD patients and healthy controls were recruited from Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (2014–2025). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, CD14 was used for tagging monocytes, and mRNA was extracted for TNIP1 and transcription factor analysis.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which biomarker showed predictive value for treatment improvement?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Lower pre-treatment PPAR-γ expression predicted greater symptom improvement, and TNIP1 expression increased after treatment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},407437,1790740157,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":105,"preview_page_count":4},687207024643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health 51 (2026) 101151  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nBrain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.editorialmanager.com/bbih/default.aspx)[ www.editorialmanager.com/bbih/default.aspx](homepage: www.editorialmanager.com/bbih/default.aspx)  \n| PPARγ as a predictive biomarker for antidepressant response in major depressive disorder: Insights from TNIP1 transcriptional regulation\u003Cbr>Yu-Wei Lina, Daw-Yang Hwang b,*, Yi-Yung Hung c,**\u003Cbr>a Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan b National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan\u003Cbr>c Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Fong Shan Hospital-Under the Management of Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Kaohsiung, Taiwan |\n| --- |\n| A B S T R A C T |\n| Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disease possibly linked to immune defense mechanisms. TNIP1, a key anti-inflammatory regulator in NF-κB and TLR pathways, is implicated in MDD, but its transcriptional regulation and role in treatment response are unclear.\u003Cbr>Methods: We analyzed mRNA expression of TNIP1 and 13 transcription factors in monocytes from pre- and post-treatment (4–6 weeks) MDD patients and healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, tagged by CD14, and mRNA was extracted and analyzed. Participants were recruited at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (2014–2025). ANCOVA, paired t-tests, and multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and smoking were used to compare groups and predict treatment outcomes.\u003Cbr>Results: This study encompassed 62 MDD patients and 52 healthy controls. Pre-treatment HAMD-17 averaged 23.90 ± 4.60, and post-treatment HAMD-17 averaged 8.43 ± 4.24. MDD patients showed higher PPAR-γ (p \u003C 0.001), FOS (p = 0.023), and lower JUN (p = 0.029) expression than controls. Post-treatment, TNIP1 expression increased (p = 0.031). Lower pre-treatment PPAR-γ predicted greater symptom improvement (p = 0.016).\u003Cbr>Conclusion: This study highlights the differential expression of PPAR-γ, FOS, and JUN in MDD patients, underscoring their potential roles in immune regulation. The association between lower pre-treatment PPAR-γ expression and improved treatment outcomes suggests its utility as a biomarker for predicting therapeutic response. |\n\n1. Introduction  \nMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by a variety of symptoms that can lead to cognitive impairments, emotional and psychological symptoms, or manifest as somatic symptoms such as pain and fatigue (Marx et al., 2023). Regarding the inflammatory nature of the mechanisms underlying depression, previous studies have suggested that depressive responses may originate from evolutionarily immune defense mechanisms, which have transformed into pathological inflammation in the context of modern environments (Miller and Raison, 2016). Research has indicated that Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) play critical roles in the development of depressive symptoms and motivation systems by influencing neuroplasticity, monoaminergic neurotransmission, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Bekhbat et al., 2022, 2025; Felger and Lotrich, 2013).  \nThe dynamic activation of the immune system is regulated by posttranslational modifications (Liu et al., 2016), which modulate the localization, activity, and abundance of signaling molecules. Deubiquitination, in particular, plays a critical role in suppressing immune  \nresponses. The tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) - TNFAIP3 Interacting Protein 1 (TNIP1) complex is frequently highlighted in the context of MDD (Chen et al., 2017; Hung et al., 2017, 2025). TNFAIP3 functions as a biomarker for response to antidepressant treatment, whereas TNIP1 represents t","cbCaik6Gm0U1v3VK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik6Gm0U1v3VK","pdf",1412861,"English","# Introduction\n## Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in MDD\n## TNFAIP3-TNIP1 complex and regulators in inflammation\n## TNIP1 signaling in NF-κB and TLR pathways\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What was the main purpose of analyzing TNIP1 and transcription factors in MDD?\",\"answer\":\"To clarify TNIP1 transcriptional regulation and determine its relevance to antidepressant treatment response in major depressive disorder.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants and samples collected for the study?\",\"answer\":\"MDD patients and healthy controls were recruited from Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (2014–2025). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, CD14 was used for tagging monocytes, and mRNA was extracted for TNIP1 and transcription factor analysis.\"},{\"question\":\"Which biomarker showed predictive value for treatment improvement?\",\"answer\":\"Lower pre-treatment PPAR-γ expression predicted greater symptom improvement, and TNIP1 expression increased after treatment.\"}]","PPARγ as a predictive biomarker for antidepressant response in major depressive disorder - Insights from TNIP1 transcriptional regulation | PDF",1790573916]