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Pourbaix diagrams, mapping electric potential versus pH, serve as thermodynamic maps for predicting metal stability, immunity, passivity, and reactivity in aqueous environments. Diagrams are constructed for iron-water, nickel-water, and chromium-water systems across near-critical to supercritical regimes using thermodynamic parameters extrapolated with the Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers model and revisions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/pourbaix-diagrams-for-iron-nickel-and-chromium-in-sub-critical-and-supercritical-water/657123/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/pourbaix-diagrams-for-iron-nickel-and-chromium-in-sub-critical-and-supercritical-water/657123.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Boyslovefans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are Pourbaix diagrams important for supercritical water-cooled reactor materials?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They provide thermodynamic maps of metal stability by plotting electric potential versus pH, helping predict regions of immunity, passivity, and reactivity under given water chemistry and operating conditions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were thermodynamic parameters adapted for near-critical and supercritical regimes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Sources of required parameters were extrapolated to target temperatures using the Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers thermodynamic model and its revisions.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are key concerns for ferritic-martensitic (F/M) steels and austenitic steels in the iron-water system?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"F/M steels show increasing oxide growth rates above the critical point, risking thick oxide films, while austenitic steels have thinner oxide films but oxides are more susceptible to spalling.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657123,1793136493,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1374410101428,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","The 2nd Canada-China Joint Workshop on Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors (CCSC-2010) P016  \nToronto, Ontario, Canada, April 25-28, 2010  \nPOURBAIX DIAGRAMS FOR IRON, NICKEL, AND CHROMIUM IN SUB-CRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL WATER  \nW.G. Cook and R. Olive  \nUniversity of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada  \nAbstract  \nThe Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor presents many challenges in terms of material selection. Because the reactor will operate at temperatures and pressures above the critical point of water, an understanding of how candidate materials behave is essential. Pourbaix diagrams (a plot of electric potential vs. pH) are thermodynamic maps that predict the regions of immunity, passivity and reactivity of a particular metal in an aqueous environment. Pourbaix diagrams have been developed for the near-critical and supercritical regimes for iron, nickel, and chromium. Various sources were used for the necessary thermodynamic parameters, which were extrapolated to the temperatures of interest using the Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers thermodynamic model and its revisions. The diagrams contain the ionic and aqueous species expected to be present under varying supercritical water density and temperature as well as the oxides expected to be formed under the given conditions for each of the individual metal-water systems.  \n1. Introduction  \nIn the 21st century, the energy industry faces many formidable challenges. The general public is placing increasing importance on the environment and “green” technologies. As a result of this shift, companies and industries are being forced, in some cases, to alter longstanding ways of conducting business. The energy industry is no different. If current trends continue,“clean” energy sources that have no or low emissions of greenhouse gases will be favoured over their traditional, greenhouse gas emitting counterparts. Because of this, the future looks bright for nuclear power with its low emissions and its greater reliability as compared to both wind energy and solar power.  \nThe supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) is a Generation IV reactor concept that possesses several important advantages over nuclear reactors that are currently in operation. As the name implies, the SCWR uses supercritical water as the coolant, which provides higher thermodynamic efficiency due to the higher temperatures employed when compared to both its sub-critical light water and heavy water counterparts. The efficiency of the SCWR (~45%) will be greater than both the current LWRs and CANDU reactors (~33%) [1] . In addition, the commonly envisaged concept for the SCWR design is a direct cycle plant where there are no steam generators, resulting in a smaller reactor with lower capital costs. These advantages combine to make the SCWR an attractive option among the six selected Generation IV reactor technologies.  \nThe 2nd Canada-China Joint Workshop on Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors (CCSC-2010) P016  \nToronto, Ontario, Canada, April 25-28, 2010  \nSeveral challenges must be overcome before the SCWR can be considered for construction. Because the SCWR operates above water’s critical point, the materials used within the reactor must be able to withstand extremely high pressures and temperatures. Current conceptual designs are proposing pressures between 25-28 MPa and temperatures at the core outlet up to 625°C. Much work is currently underway to investigate the corrosion and degradation of candidate materials under these conditions. However, in addition to actual experimental testing, it is also useful to determine how these materials may behave from a theoretical basis. Pourbaix diagrams, plots of potential versus pH, are a thermodynamic map of the stability of metals, metal oxides and dissolved compounds at a given temperature, pressure and ionic concentration. These diagrams can provide insight into how a system behaves at various temperatures and pressures. Based on a detailed examination of Pour","cbCaihRlnhNhxkyJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihRlnhNhxkyJ","pdf",763371,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Motivation for supercritical water-cooled reactors\n## Material challenges above the critical point\n## Pourbaix diagrams as a theoretical tool\n# Iron-water system\n## Ferritic-martensitic steels and oxide growth\n## Austenitic steels and spalling sensitivity\n# Nickel-based alloys\n## Strength and corrosion behavior\n## Intergranular stress-corrosion cracking","[{\"question\":\"Why are Pourbaix diagrams important for supercritical water-cooled reactor materials?\",\"answer\":\"They provide thermodynamic maps of metal stability by plotting electric potential versus pH, helping predict regions of immunity, passivity, and reactivity under given water chemistry and operating conditions.\"},{\"question\":\"How were thermodynamic parameters adapted for near-critical and supercritical regimes?\",\"answer\":\"Sources of required parameters were extrapolated to target temperatures using the Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers thermodynamic model and its revisions.\"},{\"question\":\"What are key concerns for ferritic-martensitic (F/M) steels and austenitic steels in the iron-water system?\",\"answer\":\"F/M steels show increasing oxide growth rates above the critical point, risking thick oxide films, while austenitic steels have thinner oxide films but oxides are more susceptible to spalling.\"}]","Pourbaix Diagrams for Iron, Nickel, and Chromium in Sub-Critical and Supercritical Water | PDF",1792974495,28]