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Standard care—surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy—can leave major sequelae and contribute to recurrence and long-term functional, emotional, and occupational disabilities. Advances in tumor biology support emerging alternatives, including stem cell targeted therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. This review provides an overview of these alternative HNSCC management approaches.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/potential-alternative-therapeutic-modalities-for-management-head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma-a-review/376924/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/potential-alternative-therapeutic-modalities-for-management-head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma-a-review/376924.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tJames","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What cancers are included under head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"HNSCC includes malignancies of the lip and oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why are alternative therapeutic modalities being explored for HNSCC?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Traditional treatments can cause specific sequelae and high recurrence rates, and may lead to severe long-term disabilities. These limitations motivate alternatives such as stem cell targeted therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What are the primary emerging alternative treatments mentioned in the review?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review highlights stem cell targeted therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy as alternative modalities for managing HNSCC.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},376924,1790388738,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41},2336474466412,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Potential Alternative Therapeutic Modalities for Management Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review  \nKeihan Afshari 1 and Karpal Singh Sohal 1 􀀁  \nCancer Control Volume 30: 1–12  \n© The Author(s) 2023  \nArticle reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)  \n[DOI: 10.1177/10732748231185003](DOI: 10.1177/10732748231185003)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/10732748231185003)[journals.sagepub.com/home/ccx](journals.sagepub.com/home/ccx)  \nAbstract  \nHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) includes malignancies of the lip and oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. It is among the most common malignancy worldwide, affecting nearly 1 million people annually. The traditional treatment options for HNSCC include surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy. However, these treatment options have their specific sequelae, which produce high rates of recurrence and severe treatment-related disabilities. Recent technological advancements have led to tremendous progress in understanding tumor biology, and hence the emergence of several alternative therapeutic modalities for managing cancers (including HNSCC). These treatment options are stem cell targeted therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. Therefore, this review article aims to provide an overview of these alternative treatments of HNSCC.  \nKeywords  \nhead and neck squamous cell carcinoma, cancer stem cells, gene therapy, immunotherapy  \nIntroduction  \nAccording to the WHO, approximately 900,000 new cases of cancers of the head and neck region, and more than 400,000 deaths are reported worldwide yearly.1,2 Most of these cancers of the head and neck region are squamous cell carcinoma. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and sinuses.3 It may as well arise from the keratinocytes in the spinous layer of the epidermis of the skin covering the head and neck region.4,5 Despite the common origin ofthe HNSCC, there are several sources for its heterogeneity due to varying etiological, risk, and biological factors. As a result, treatment approaches and outcomes differ significantly among the different subsites.6  \nThe primary aim of the treatment of HNSCC is eradicating cancer, preventing recurrence, and restoring the form and function of the affected parts.7 Traditionally, the treatment options for HNSCC include surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy.8,9 However, these treatment options continue to have their specific sequelae, which produce high  \nrates of recurrence as well as severe treatment-related disabilities (including physical, emotional, functional, and occupational dysfunction) for long-term survivors.8, 10 For example, the excision of tumor tissues in the head and neck region causes damage to adjacent or underlying anatomical structures, which interferes with functions like chewing, swallowing, and breathing. On the other hand, conventional chemotherapy may show poor systemic stability and unwanted drug-related side effects (bone marrow depression and nephrotoxicity). Whereas radiation therapy has long-term side effects on healthy cells like xerostomia, fibrosis, and osteoradionecrosis.10  \n1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania  \nCorresponding Author:  \nKarpal Singh Sohal, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam +255, Tanzania.  \nEmail: [karpal@live.com](karpal@live.com)  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons  \nAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use,  \nreproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work i","cbCairTYXON5n3Tn","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairTYXON5n3Tn","pdf",1008833,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Tumorigenesis and Cancer Stem Cells of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","[{\"question\":\"What cancers are included under head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)?\",\"answer\":\"HNSCC includes malignancies of the lip and oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are alternative therapeutic modalities being explored for HNSCC?\",\"answer\":\"Traditional treatments can cause specific sequelae and high recurrence rates, and may lead to severe long-term disabilities. These limitations motivate alternatives such as stem cell targeted therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the primary emerging alternative treatments mentioned in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights stem cell targeted therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy as alternative modalities for managing HNSCC.\"}]","Potential Alternative Therapeutic Modalities for Management Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review | PDF",1790222126]