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The notes cover how madness was treated through exclusionary rationality, how the clinical gaze reorganized medical truth and bodies, and how the human sciences depend on historical epistemes. They also outline disciplinary power in punishment and prisons, trace sexuality as a discursive system across volumes, and connect biopower and state violence, including race, war, and governmentality in lectures.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/poststructuralism-michel-foucault-major-works-reading-notes/374305/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/poststructuralism-michel-foucault-major-works-reading-notes/374305.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aldword","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does Foucault explain the treatment of madness in Madness and Civilization?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"He argues that madness became a socially constructed category shaped by power, especially when the Age of Reason confined the mad in asylums as part of broader exclusion.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the “clinical gaze” according to The Birth of the Clinic?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It is a way of seeing that penetrates the body and defines medical truth. The hospital becomes a site for observation, classification, and control over bodies.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does Foucault claim about punishment in Discipline and Punish?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Punishment shifts from public torture to the modern prison, moving from the body to the soul. Surveillance and panopticism create self-discipline and normalization across society.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},374305,1791099588,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},2336478940917,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|  | POSTSTRUCTURALISM\u003Cbr>1. MICHEL FOUCAULT (1926–1984)\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (1961; Eng. 1965)In this landmark study, Foucault examines how Western society has historically treated madness. He argues that before the classical age, madness was seen as part of human existence and even linked to truth or wisdom. However, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the “Age of Reason” led to the confinement of the mad in asylums, along with other socially marginal groups (the poor, criminals, vagabonds) . This was not simply a medical response but a cultural act of exclusion, defining rationality by excluding unreason. Thus, “madness”became a category shaped by power and social control rather than a neutral medical diagnosis.\u003Cbr>The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (1963; Eng. 1973)Here, Foucault analyzes the |  | transformation of medicine at the end of the 18th century, when doctors began focusing not just on symptoms but on the clinical gaze—a way of seeing that penetrated the body and defined truth about health and disease. The hospital became a space where observation, classification, and control over bodies took precedence. Foucault shows that modern medicine is not only about curing but also about producing a regime of knowledge that categorizes individuals, creating medicalized subjects.\u003Cbr>The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (1966; Eng. 1970)This dense, ambitious work explores the historical development of the “human sciences” (psychology, sociology, economics, linguistics, biology) . Foucault introduces the concept of the episteme—the underlying structure of knowledge that defines what can be thought and said in a given era. He traces three epistemes: the Renaissance (knowledge through resemblance), the Classical age (knowledge through representation and taxonomy), and the Modern age (knowledge through man as both subject and object) . Foucault provocatively argues that “man” is a recent invention, destined to disappear, suggesting that even concepts like the human subject are products of historical discourse.\u003Cbr>The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969; Eng. 1972)This book outlines Foucault’s methodology. Instead of looking for hidden meanings or authors’ intentions, he studies discourse as a system governed by rules that determine what can and cannot be said at a given time. He rejects linear histories and |  |  |\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n\n|  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|  | instead advocates for an archaeology of discourse—a way of mapping\u003Cbr>discontinuities, ruptures, and\u003Cbr>transformations in knowledge. This methodological work is crucial because it shows how Foucault examines the construction of fields like medicine, psychiatry, or sexuality, not as progress but as historically contingent systems of power/knowledge.\u003Cbr>Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975; Eng. 1977)This powerful text traces the shift in punishment from public spectacles of torture and execution to the modern prison system. Foucault argues that punishment moved from the body to the soul, seeking to reform, correct, and normalize rather than merely inflict pain. He introduces the concept of panopticism, derived from Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon, where surveillance produces self-discipline because individuals internalize the gaze of authority. Modern society, Foucault claims, has become a disciplinary society, where schools, factories, prisons, and hospitals all use surveillance, examination, and normalization to regulate behavior.\u003Cbr>The History of Sexuality (1976–84)\u003Cbr>This multi-volume project analyzes sexuality not as a natural truth but as a discursive construction deeply tied to power.\u003Cbr>Volume I: The Will to Knowledge (1976) challenges the “repressive hypothesis” (the belief that sexuality was repressed in the Victorian era) . Instead","cbCaiqmYQmxOXAna","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqmYQmxOXAna","pdf",445972,"English","# Poststructuralism - Michel Foucault Major Works\n## Madness and Civilization\n## The Birth of the Clinic\n## The Order of Things\n## The Archaeology of Knowledge\n## Discipline and Punish\n## The History of Sexuality\n## Society Must Be Defended\n## Security, Territory, Population","[{\"question\":\"How does Foucault explain the treatment of madness in Madness and Civilization?\",\"answer\":\"He argues that madness became a socially constructed category shaped by power, especially when the Age of Reason confined the mad in asylums as part of broader exclusion.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the “clinical gaze” according to The Birth of the Clinic?\",\"answer\":\"It is a way of seeing that penetrates the body and defines medical truth. The hospital becomes a site for observation, classification, and control over bodies.\"},{\"question\":\"What does Foucault claim about punishment in Discipline and Punish?\",\"answer\":\"Punishment shifts from public torture to the modern prison, moving from the body to the soul. Surveillance and panopticism create self-discipline and normalization across society.\"}]","Poststructuralism - Michel Foucault Major Works - Reading Notes | PDF",1790201435,15]