[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-329210-105":59,"doc-detail-329210-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","postmodernism-revision-notes-dakshita-singh","Postmodernism Revision Notes - Dakshita Singh","","Revision notes on postmodernism as a reaction to the Enlightenment, contrasting key beliefs about human perfectibility, rational progress, and reason-based knowledge with postmodern critiques of reality and truth as discursive, culturally shaped constructs. Explains how science and reason can serve domination, challenges grand narratives, and compares modernist versus postmodernist views across reality, truth, progress, human nature, language, knowledge, and narratives. Summarizes major theorists and concepts including Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault, Jameson, Baudrillard, and Kristeva.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/postmodernism-revision-notes-dakshita-singh/329210/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/postmodernism-revision-notes-dakshita-singh/329210.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Skyler","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How do Enlightenment beliefs differ from postmodern critiques?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Enlightenment beliefs assume human nature can be perfected through rational progress and that knowledge rests on reason. Postmodernism critiques reality and truth as discursive constructs and argues that science/reason are not neutral and can serve domination.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What are the main contrasts between modernism and postmodernism?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Modernism treats reality as objective and truth as discoverable through science and logic, with confidence in progress and universal human nature. Postmodernism views reality as socially constructed, rejects absolute Truth in favor of multiple contextual truths, and treats progress-related science/technology as tools of oppression.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which theorists are covered and what key concepts do they contribute?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The notes cover Lyotard (incredulity toward metanarratives), Derrida (deconstruction and différance), Foucault (power/knowledge and discourses shaping sexuality and institutions), Jameson (postmodernism as cultural logic of late capitalism), Baudrillard (simulacra and hyperreality), and Kristeva (intertextuality and the symbolic vs semiotic).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},329210,1790534298,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},2336464648746,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","DAK SH ITA SINGH  \nPostmodernism as Reaction to  \nEnlightenment  \n• Enlightenment Beliefs: human nature can be perfected, rational progress ensures justice and prosperity, knowledge rests on reason.  \n• Postmodern Critique:  \n• Reality and truth are discursive constructs.  \n• Science/reason are not neutral; often serve domination.  \n• Human psychology and values are culturally determined.  \n• Grand theories impose conformity and silence alternatives.  \nDAK SH ITA SINGH  \n\n| Aspect | Modernism | Postmodernism |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| View of Reality | Objective reality exists, independent of human perception. | Reality is a social construct, shaped by language and culture. |\n| Truth | Truth is discoverable through science, reason, and logic. | No absolute Truth; only multiple, contextual truths (relativism) . |\n| Progress | Faith in human progress, rationality, science, and technology. | Skepticism toward progress; science and technology seen as tools of domination/oppression. |\n| Human Nature | Belief in universal human nature with innate faculties. | Human nature is socially constructed, not\u003Cbr>innate. |\n| Language | Language mirrors reality (a tool to describe the external world) . | Language is self-referential, meaning arises from difference (Saussure, Derrida) . |\n| Knowledge | Objective, foundational knowledge possible (Descartes: Cogito ergo sum) . | Knowledge is contingent, contextual, shaped by discourses (Foucault) . |\n| Narratives | Grand narratives (progress, liberation, universal history) . | Rejection of metanarratives (Lyotard’s“incredulity toward metanarratives”) . |\n\nDAK SH ITA SINGH  \nJean-François Lyotard  \n(1924–1998)  \n• Key Concept: Incredulity toward metanarratives (rejection of grand, universal explanations such as Enlightenment “progress,” Marxism, or psychoanalysis) .  \n• He argued that in the postmodern condition, knowledge becomes fragmented into smaller narratives (“language games”), rather than unified truths.  \n• Seminal Work: The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1979).  \nDAK SH ITA SINGH  \nJacques Derrida  \n(1930–2004)  \n• Key Concept: Deconstruction-a method of reading texts that reveals internal contradictions and shows how meaning is never stable.  \n• Différance: Words gain meaning through difference from other words, and meaning is always deferred, never fully present.  \n• Deconstruction does not destroy meaning, but shows how texts undermine their own claims to stable meaning.  \n• Seminal Works: Of Grammatology (1967), Writing and Difference (1967), Dissemination (1972).  \nDAK SH ITA SINGH  \nMichel Foucault  \n(1926–1984)  \n• Key Concept: Power/knowledge  \n• Foucault rejects the Enlightenment idea of neutral, objective knowledge.  \n• In Discipline and Punish (1975), he shows how prisons, schools, and hospitals discipline bodies through surveillance and normalization.  \n• In The History of Sexuality, Vol. I (1976), he argues that sexuality is not a natural essence but a product of discourses shaped by power.  \n• Other Works: Madness and Civilization (1961).  \nDAK SH ITA SINGH  \nFredric Jameson  \n(1934–2022)  \n• Key Concept: Postmodernism as the “cultural logic of late capitalism.”  \n• In Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991), Jameson (a Marxist critic) analyzes postmodern culture as reflecting consumer capitalism.  \nTraits of postmodern culture:  \n• Depthlessness: Replacing deep meaning with surface appearances.  \n• Pastiche: Empty imitation without parody or critique.  \n• Loss of historicity: History turned into images and nostalgia rather than lived reality.  \nDAK SH ITA SINGH  \nJean Baudrillard  \n(1929–2007)  \n• Key Concept: Simulacra and hyperreality.  \n• In Simulacra and Simulation (1981), Baudrillard argues that in postmodern societies, representations no longer refer to real things but only to other representations.  \n• Simulacra: Copies or signs that have no original.  \n• Hyperreality: A state where the distinction between reality and its represent","cbCaiaBC9nfyRubv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaBC9nfyRubv","pdf",407058,11,"English","# Postmodernism as Reaction to Enlightenment\n## Enlightenment Beliefs\n## Postmodern Critique\n## Modernism vs Postmodernism (Comparison Table)\n## Key Thinkers and Core Concepts\n## Lyotard: Incredulity toward Metanarratives\n## Derrida: Deconstruction and Différance\n## Foucault: Power/Knowledge and Discourses\n## Jameson: Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism\n## Baudrillard: Simulacra and Hyperreality\n## Four Stages of the Sign\n## Kristeva: Intertextuality and the Semiotic","[{\"question\":\"How do Enlightenment beliefs differ from postmodern critiques?\",\"answer\":\"Enlightenment beliefs assume human nature can be perfected through rational progress and that knowledge rests on reason. Postmodernism critiques reality and truth as discursive constructs and argues that science/reason are not neutral and can serve domination.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main contrasts between modernism and postmodernism?\",\"answer\":\"Modernism treats reality as objective and truth as discoverable through science and logic, with confidence in progress and universal human nature. Postmodernism views reality as socially constructed, rejects absolute Truth in favor of multiple contextual truths, and treats progress-related science/technology as tools of oppression.\"},{\"question\":\"Which theorists are covered and what key concepts do they contribute?\",\"answer\":\"The notes cover Lyotard (incredulity toward metanarratives), Derrida (deconstruction and différance), Foucault (power/knowledge and discourses shaping sexuality and institutions), Jameson (postmodernism as cultural logic of late capitalism), Baudrillard (simulacra and hyperreality), and Kristeva (intertextuality and the symbolic vs semiotic).\"}]","Postmodernism Revision Notes - Dakshita Singh | PDF",1789983099,17]