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Post-translational modifications (PTMs)—enzyme-catalyzed attachment of functional groups to proteins—are presented as key regulators of tumor immunity. This mini-review summarizes PTMs including ubiquitination, phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation, emphasizing their impact on immune checkpoint molecules and mechanisms of immune escape, offering strategies to improve immunotherapy efficacy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/post-translational-modifications-in-ovarian-cancer-implications-for-immunotherapy-a-mini-review/371000/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/post-translational-modifications-in-ovarian-cancer-implications-for-immunotherapy-a-mini-review/371000.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Guten tag","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is immunotherapy less effective in ovarian cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Immunotherapy efficacy is suboptimal because ovarian cancer develops distinct immune evasion mechanisms within its tumor microenvironment, including dysregulated immune checkpoint and immune signaling pathways.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What are post-translational modifications (PTMs) and why are they important?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"PTMs are enzyme-driven additions of functional groups to proteins that alter structure and function. They critically regulate immune checkpoint proteins and broader immune responses involved in tumor immune escape.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which PTMs does the review highlight in ovarian cancer immunotherapy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review focuses on PTMs that modulate immune responses, mainly ubiquitination, phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation, and discusses how they affect immune checkpoints and evasion.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},371000,1790895906,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},687212321768,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a0010bdbe886d2fe77?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1789897067658708522","Sun et al. Journal of Ovarian Research (2025) 18:225  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-025-01812-1](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-025-01812-1)  \nJournal of Ovarian Research  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nPost-translational modifications in ovarian cancer: implications for immunotherapy: a mini-review  \nLei Sun2†, Ya-Fei Guo3†, Can-Can Duan3, Cheng Chen3 and Lan Xiao 1*  \nAbstract  \nOvarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancies worldwide, is characterized by poor prognosis and limited treatment options. While immunotherapy has shown promise in treating gynecologic cancers, particularly OC, its efficacy against OC remains suboptimal due to the distinct immune evasion mechanisms within the OC tumor microenvironment (TME) . Post-translational modifications (PTMs), which involve enzyme-catalyzed attachment of functional groups to proteins, inducing structural and functional alterations, are emerging as critical regulators in tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize various PTMs that modulate the immune response in OC, primarily including ubiquitination, phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation. We specifically focus on how these PTMs modulate key immune checkpoint molecules and immune evasion. Elucidating the roles of PTMs in the OC immune response could provide novel strategies for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy.  \nKeywords Post-translational modifications, Immunotherapy, Ovarian cancer, Glycosylation  \nIntroduction  \nOvarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with approximately 70% of patients diagnosed at advanced stages characterized by peritoneal metastasis and chemoresistance [1, 2]. Despite advancesin debulking surgery and platinum-based therapies, the prognosis for OC remains dismal [3]. It is imperative to  \n†Lei Sun and Ya-Fei Guo share first authorship.  \n*Correspondence:  \nLan Xiao  \n[emma_02000@163.com](emma_02000@163.com)  \n1Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-sen University Yuedong Hospital, Meizhou 528406, China  \n2Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China  \n3Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230020, China  \ndevelop novel therapeutic strategies targeting drug resistance and recurrence in OC to effectively settle current treatment hurdles.  \nImmunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive T cell-receptor therapy has emerged as a promising treatment approach for gynecological cancers such as endometrial and cervical cancer, offering durable responses and improved survival outcomes [4–6]. However, the success of these immunotherapies has not been replicated in the clinical management of OC, primarily attributed to its unique immune evasion mechanisms, which differ from those of other gynecological malignancies [7–9]. The main mechanisms of immune evasion by tumor cells include surface immune checkpoint upregulation, soluble cytokine secretion, and chemokine axis dysregulation [10]. Previous studies have focused on the effect of immune checkpointsand cytokines, but emerging evidence demonstrates that  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If materia","cbCaij8aPMnLKNZW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaij8aPMnLKNZW","pdf",1263116,"English","# Introduction\n## Immunotherapy challenges in ovarian cancer\n## PTMs as regulators of immune evasion\n# Key post-translational modifications in ovarian cancer immunotherapy\n## Ubiquitination in ovarian cancer immunotherapy","[{\"question\":\"Why is immunotherapy less effective in ovarian cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Immunotherapy efficacy is suboptimal because ovarian cancer develops distinct immune evasion mechanisms within its tumor microenvironment, including dysregulated immune checkpoint and immune signaling pathways.\"},{\"question\":\"What are post-translational modifications (PTMs) and why are they important?\",\"answer\":\"PTMs are enzyme-driven additions of functional groups to proteins that alter structure and function. They critically regulate immune checkpoint proteins and broader immune responses involved in tumor immune escape.\"},{\"question\":\"Which PTMs does the review highlight in ovarian cancer immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on PTMs that modulate immune responses, mainly ubiquitination, phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation, and discusses how they affect immune checkpoints and evasion.\"}]","Post-translational modifications in ovarian cancer: implications for immunotherapy - a mini-review | PDF",1790190983,23]