[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-159983-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-159983-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","possibilities-and-limitations-of-two-phase-flow-cfd-modelling-for-geothermal-applications-a-literature-review","Possibilities and Limitations of Two-Phase Flow CFD Modelling for Geothermal Applications - A Literature Review","","Two-phase fluid flow in geothermal systems complicates the design and utilization of extraction, reinjection, and power-generation components. Traditional geothermal analysis often relies on system codes to estimate bulk flow behavior, while advances in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) create opportunities to model and optimize geothermal processes more directly. This literature review surveys state-of-the-art two-phase CFD models used for geothermal applications, presents relevant case studies, and highlights how different model choices match specific flow characteristics.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/possibilities-and-limitations-of-two-phase-flow-cfd-modelling-for-geothermal-applications-a-literature-review/159983/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/possibilities-and-limitations-of-two-phase-flow-cfd-modelling-for-geothermal-applications-a-literature-review/159983.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Skyler","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-08-29",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is two-phase CFD modelling important for geothermal applications?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Geothermal systems involve complex multiphase flows, making accurate prediction difficult for traditional system-code approaches. CFD offers a way to analyze and optimize flow and component performance more effectively.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What is the main focus of this literature review?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The review summarizes the state-of-the-art for two-phase CFD modelling applicable to geothermal processes, including case studies and guidance on choosing models based on flow characteristics.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which phases are addressed for two-phase geothermal modelling?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The review specifically targets gas-liquid and solid-gas phase combinations in geothermal systems, reflecting common and less common multiphase behaviors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},159983,1788042593,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":128,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},2336464648746,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Geothermics 140 (2026) 103718  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nGeothermics  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics)  \n| Possibilities and limitations of two-phase flow CFD modelling for geothermal applications: A literature review |  |  | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *\u003Cbr>Vijay Chauhan , Brandon Velasquez , Gudrun Saevarsdottir , Maria Gudjonsdottir \u003Cbr>Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland |  |  |  |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |  |\n| Keywords: CFD Euler-Euler\u003Cbr>Euler-Lagrange Geothermal Two-phase flow |  | A conventional geothermal system often involves fluid flow in a two-phase state across its various components. Current methods for two-phase flow analysis in the geothermal industry predominantly rely on system codes to determine bulk fluid flow characteristics. However, recent developments in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling for various industrial applications involving two-phase flow present a strong opportunity for its use in the design and analysis of geothermal processes. Applying CFD can aid in understanding and optimizing overall geothermal utilization and its components to achieve an efficient, cost-optimal solution.\u003Cbr>This work discusses the state-of-the-art in two-phase CFD modelling applicable to geothermal processes. Case studies from the literature regarding the two-phase CFD modelling of geothermal operations, along with other relevant studies, are presented. This review aims to assist engineers and researchers by highlighting the applicability of different two-phase CFD models for specific geothermal processes based on their unique flow characteristics. Additionally, it discusses various CFD models applied by other industries that share a similar scope with the geothermal sector. Limitations and challenges inherent in the computational modelling of geothermal processes are also addressed. Ultimately, this study focuses on reviewing the application of CFD for modelling two-phase flow in geothermal systems, specifically involving gas-liquid and solid-gas phases. |  |\n\n1. Introduction  \nThe utilization of geothermal energy is an environmentally friendly method for achieving a base-load power supply. Because the heat source is located subsurface, this form of energy is less affected by weather and climate conditions than other renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar. Currently, the global installed capacity for geothermal electrical power generation is 14.87 GWe (IRENA, 2023), which remains relatively low compared to the output of other conventional renewable energy sources. Beyond the inherent location dependence of theresource, a significant factor limiting geothermal energy expansion is the high cost of its exploitation and utilization (IRENA and IGA, 2023). A critical element contributing to this high price is the design of the geothermal systems themselves. Fluid flow encountered in geothermal system can exist in multiple physical phases. In general, a phase is defined as an identifiable class of material that exhibits a particular inertial response to, and interaction with, the flow and the potential field in which it is immersed (Ansys, 2013). Multiphase flow is a common phenomenon in geothermal processes where two or more immiscible  \nphases flow simultaneously. Designing geothermal flow processes and their corresponding utilization technologies therefore involves severe challenges in predicting multi-phase fluid flow characteristics. Such flows can exist as liquid-gas, gas-gas, solid-gas, liquid-gas-solid, or liquid-solid mixtures. Common examples of liquid-gas flow include two-phase water-vapor mixtures traveling through horizontal steam-gathering pipes to a power plant (Zhao et al., 2000), or liquid water and CO2 gas mixtures present in a geothermal wellbore during thereinjection of non-condensable gases into the re","cbCaijanKMOilVkh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijanKMOilVkh","pdf",8234140,"English","# Introduction\n## Geothermal energy context and multiphase flow challenges\n# Two-phase CFD modelling in geothermal processes\n## State-of-the-art modelling approaches\n## Case studies and applicability by flow characteristics\n# Cross-industry CFD models and transferability\n# Modelling limitations and computational challenges","[{\"question\":\"Why is two-phase CFD modelling important for geothermal applications?\",\"answer\":\"Geothermal systems involve complex multiphase flows, making accurate prediction difficult for traditional system-code approaches. CFD offers a way to analyze and optimize flow and component performance more effectively.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of this literature review?\",\"answer\":\"The review summarizes the state-of-the-art for two-phase CFD modelling applicable to geothermal processes, including case studies and guidance on choosing models based on flow characteristics.\"},{\"question\":\"Which phases are addressed for two-phase geothermal modelling?\",\"answer\":\"The review specifically targets gas-liquid and solid-gas phase combinations in geothermal systems, reflecting common and less common multiphase behaviors.\"}]","Possibilities and Limitations of Two-Phase Flow CFD Modelling for Geothermal Applications - A Literature Review | PDF",48]