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Using self-reported End of Day log data from roughly 50 principals collected between 2005 and 2007, the analysis applies hierarchical linear models. Results show domain-dependent practice, long working hours with diverse tasks, limited support for brevity, and substantial time working with within-building colleagues. Only hour of day predicts time allocation across functional domains.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/portraits-of-principal-practice-time-allocation-and-school-principal-work/601875/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/portraits-of-principal-practice-time-allocation-and-school-principal-work/601875.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"ahduag","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the study’s main purpose?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To examine how urban school principals allocate their time to critical school functions, and how collaboration partners and time patterns vary by school context.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What data and method were used?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study uses self-reported End of Day log data collected at multiple points between 2005 and 2007, analyzed with hierarchical linear models.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the key findings about principals’ time allocation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Principals’ work practice is domain dependent: their workdays involve long hours and diverse tasks, tasks are not characterized by brevity, and much time is spent with within-building colleagues rather than working alone.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"Which predictor most strongly relates to time allocation across domains?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"Among the predictors examined, only hour of day predicts principals’ time allocation across different functional domains.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},601875,1792251901,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":143,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":149},3985747870414,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Portraits of Principal Practice: Time Allocation and School Principal Work  \nEducational Administration Quarterly 2018, Vol. 54(1) 47–84 © The Author(s) 2017  \nReprints and permissions:  \n[sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav](sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav)[ ](sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav)[DOI: 10.1177/0013161X17720978](DOI: 10.1177/0013161X17720978)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/0013161X17720978)[journals.sagepub.com/home/eaq](journals.sagepub.com/home/eaq)  \nJames Sebastian 1, Eric M. Camburn2, and James P. Spillane3  \nAbstract  \nPurpose: The purpose of this study was to examine how school principalsin urban settings distributed their time working on critical school functions. We also examined who principals worked with and how their time allocation patterns varied by school contextual characteristics. Research Method/ Approach: The study was conducted in an urban school district with approximately 50 school principals and utilized self-reported End of Day log data collected at multiple points in between 2005 and 2007. We utilized hierarchical linear models to analyze variation in principals’ time allocation by time (hour, day, semester), school function (building operations, student affairs, district functions, etc.), and school personnel (self, teacher, student, etc.). Findings: Variation in principals’ practice is domain dependent. Consistent with prior research, we find that a principal’s workday is characterized by long hours and diverse tasks. We find little support for the notion that typical tasks are characterized by brevity. Principals also spend most of their time working with within-building colleagues rather than working alone. Of all predictors we examined in the study, only hour of  \n1 University of Missouri–Columbia, MO, USA  \n2University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA  \n3Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA  \nCorresponding Author:  \nJames Sebastian, Educational Leadership & Policy Analysis, University of Missouri–Columbia, 202 Hill Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.  \nEmail: [sebastianji@missouri.edu](sebastianji@missouri.edu)  \nthe day predicts principals’ time allocation on different functional domains. Conclusions: The portrait of principals’ work described in this study expands and enriches the field’s current understanding of how principals allocate their time across the multiple domains of responsibility that require their attention. We find that our data offer support for some of popular conceptions of principals’ work described in the research literature while challenging other common conceptions.  \nKeywords  \nprincipal practice, school leadership, End of Day (EOD) logs, survey data, distributed leadership  \nThe work of school principals has become increasingly complex. Principals must spread their time over many responsibilities and must work with a wide array of stakeholders. Dramatic changes in the policy environment of public schools over the past two decades have placed additional demands on principals to address multiple and diverse responsibilities, resulting in significant constraints in how principals spend their workdays (Grissom, Loeb, & Mitani, 2015) . Given this, it is important to understand how principals allocate their time to different responsibilities in order to gain a better understanding of the nature of their work, its possibilities, and limits. Recentchanges in teacher evaluation policies and some principal professional development initiatives appear to assume that principals have sufficient capacity to add substantial responsibilities to what they already do. Moreover, the contemporary press for distributed models of leadership that emphasize the role of other school leaders in addition to the principal further complicate the already difficult work of principals. Hence, it is important to examine principals’ time allocation patterns, including their allocation of time to working with others in the building.  \nConsiderable research has been devoted to describing principals’ work","cbCaia1oruwD8Zfp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaia1oruwD8Zfp","pdf",702320,38,"English","# Abstract\n## Purpose and research questions\n## Methodology\n## Findings and conclusions\n# Keywords\n## Principal practice and distributed leadership","[{\"question\":\"What is the study’s main purpose?\",\"answer\":\"To examine how urban school principals allocate their time to critical school functions, and how collaboration partners and time patterns vary by school context.\"},{\"question\":\"What data and method were used?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses self-reported End of Day log data collected at multiple points between 2005 and 2007, analyzed with hierarchical linear models.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings about principals’ time allocation?\",\"answer\":\"Principals’ work practice is domain dependent: their workdays involve long hours and diverse tasks, tasks are not characterized by brevity, and much time is spent with within-building colleagues rather than working alone.\"},{\"question\":\"Which predictor most strongly relates to time allocation across domains?\",\"answer\":\"Among the predictors examined, only hour of day predicts principals’ time allocation across different functional domains.\"}]","Portraits of Principal Practice - Time Allocation and School Principal Work | PDF",1792093601,96]