[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-364576-105":59,"doc-detail-364576-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","polyamine-metabolism-and-anti-tumor-immunity-review","Polyamine metabolism and anti-tumor immunity - review","","Polyamine metabolism plays a critical role in the tumor microenvironment and in immune regulation. Polyamines—putrescine, spermidine, and spermine—are controlled by coordinated biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport, with distinct metabolic patterns in normal versus cancer tissues. The review explains how polyamine metabolic alterations contribute to tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, immune checkpoint resistance, and epigenetic changes, while also shaping immune-cell phenotypes between tumor suppression and immune evasion. It summarizes therapeutic targets and combination strategies using polyamine inhibitors with immunotherapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/polyamine-metabolism-and-anti-tumor-immunity-review/364576/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/polyamine-metabolism-and-anti-tumor-immunity-review/364576.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ezra","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are polyamines and why are they important in cancer biology?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Polyamines are small molecules with amino groups that support cell growth, division, gene regulation, DNA stability, and protein synthesis. In cancer contexts, dysregulated polyamine metabolism is linked to elevated polyamine concentrations and tumor progression.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does polyamine metabolism differ between normal tissues and cancer tissues?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"In mammals, polyamine levels depend on biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism. Malignant tumors typically accumulate polyamines due to dysregulation of these components, producing distinct metabolic patterns from normal tissues.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How can targeting polyamine metabolism influence anti-tumor immunity and treatment?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Polyamine metabolism can modulate immune-cell phenotypes, shifting outcomes toward either tumor suppression or immune evasion within the tumor immune microenvironment. The review also discusses combination strategies where polyamine inhibitors are used alongside immunotherapy and highlights related immune checkpoint resistance mechanisms.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},364576,1790193112,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},1099514068035,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 18 February 2025  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1529337  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nStanley Makumire,  \nUniversity of Oulu, Finland  \nREVIEWED BY  \nVictor Muleya,  \nMidlands State University, Zimbabwe Kyohei Higashi,  \nTokyo University of Science, Japan  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nQi-Yue Chen  \n [chenqiyue@fjmu.edu.cn](chenqiyue@fjmu.edu.cn)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship  \nRECEIVED 16 November 2024  \nACCEPTED 27 January 2025  \nPUBLISHED 18 February 2025  \nCITATION  \nWu J-Y, Zeng Y, You Y-Y and Chen Q-Y (2025) Polyamine metabolism and anti-tumor immunity.  \nFront. Immunol. 16:1529337 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1529337  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Wu, Zeng, You and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nPolyamine metabolism and anti-tumor immunity  \nJing-Yi Wu 1†, Yan Zeng 1†, Yu-Yang You 1† and Qi-Yue Chen 2*  \n1 Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China, 2 Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China  \nGrowing attention has been directed toward the critical role of polyamines in the tumor microenvironment and immune regulation. Polyamines, primarily comprising putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, are tightly regulated through coordinated biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport, with distinct metabolic patterns between normal and cancerous tissues. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of polyamine metabolism in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review aims to elucidate the differences in polyamine biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism between normal and cancerous tissues, as well as the associated alterations in tumor epigenetic modifications and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade driven by polyamine metabolism. Polyamine metabolism influences both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment by modulating immune cell phenotypes—shifting them towards either tumor suppression or immune evasion within the tumor immune microenvironment. Additionally, polyamine metabolism impacts immunotherapy through its regulation of key enzymes . This review also explores potential therapeutic targets and summarizes the roles of polyamine inhibitors in combination with immunotherapy for cancer treatment, offering a novel perspective on therapeutic strategies.  \nKEYWORDS  \npolyamine, tumorigenesis, polyamine combination therapeutic strategies, metabolism, tumor microenvironment  \n1 Background  \nTumor cells exhibit defining traits such as limitless proliferative capacity, immune evasion, and metastasis. Alterations in metabolic patterns are pivotal to the development, growth, and progression of tumors (1) . In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells experience metabolic reprogramming encompassing polyamine metabolism. Polyamine metabolism is the metabolic process involving the intracellular polyamines from their synthesis to their catabolism. Polyamines are small organic molecules containing two or more amino groups that are crucial for cell growth, division, gene regulation, DNA stability and protein synthesis. They are vital for fundamental biological processes that contribute to the control of immune cells, including immune cell regulation, signaling pathway modulation, cell proliferation and differentiation, and development (2) . Dysregulation of polyamine metabolism is prevalent in neoplastic tissues, exhibiting elevated polyamine  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \nconcentrations compared to normal tissues. Furthermore, the increase of polyamines inhibits immune cell a","cbCaiftqEJ4X4i9T","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiftqEJ4X4i9T","pdf",1430820,15,"English","# Background\n## Tumor traits and metabolic reprogramming\n## Role of polyamines in immune regulation\n# Polyamine metabolism in normal and cancer cells\n## Polyamine metabolism in normal tissues\n### Biosynthesis\n### Transport","[{\"question\":\"What are polyamines and why are they important in cancer biology?\",\"answer\":\"Polyamines are small molecules with amino groups that support cell growth, division, gene regulation, DNA stability, and protein synthesis. In cancer contexts, dysregulated polyamine metabolism is linked to elevated polyamine concentrations and tumor progression.\"},{\"question\":\"How does polyamine metabolism differ between normal tissues and cancer tissues?\",\"answer\":\"In mammals, polyamine levels depend on biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism. Malignant tumors typically accumulate polyamines due to dysregulation of these components, producing distinct metabolic patterns from normal tissues.\"},{\"question\":\"How can targeting polyamine metabolism influence anti-tumor immunity and treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Polyamine metabolism can modulate immune-cell phenotypes, shifting outcomes toward either tumor suppression or immune evasion within the tumor immune microenvironment. The review also discusses combination strategies where polyamine inhibitors are used alongside immunotherapy and highlights related immune checkpoint resistance mechanisms.\"}]","Polyamine metabolism and anti-tumor immunity - review | PDF",1790158275,38]