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Using a 50-state survey of state education officials, it analyzes major funding formula types, including foundation programs, district power equalization, full state funding, and flat grants, as well as two-tiered approaches. It also covers funding mechanisms for students with disabilities, English language learners, gifted and talented students, low-income or “at-risk” students, and vocational and technical education, plus district-based programs tied to sparsity, transportation, and infrastructure.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/policy-perspectives-on-state-elementary-and-secondary-public-education-finance-systems-in-the-united-states-article-overview/601790/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/policy-perspectives-on-state-elementary-and-secondary-public-education-finance-systems-in-the-united-states-article-overview/601790.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"ahduag","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-26","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":33},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What is the article’s main purpose regarding education finance systems?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"It describes and compares individual state funding systems for public elementary and secondary education in the United States, including major formula types and specific student-focused mechanisms.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How were the data for the 2014–2015 school year collected?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"Information was gathered through a 50-state survey sent to a state chief education officer, superintendent of public instruction, or designee, followed by email and mail reminders; 48 states responded.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What major funding formula types are discussed for state education finance?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"The article outlines foundation programs, district power equalization, full state funding, and flat grants, and also notes that some states use two-tiered or combination approaches.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},601790,1792426036,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":33,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":111,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":117},3985747870414,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Policy Perspectives on State Elementary and Secondary Public Education Finance Systems in the United States  \nDeborah A. Verstegen  \nDeborah A. Verstegen is Professor of Education Finance and Policy in the College of Education, University of Nevada, Reno. Her scholarship focuses on state and federal policy and equal opportunity. She is coauthor of“Financing Education in a Climate of Change,” 12th edition, with Vern Brimley, Jr., and the late Rulon R. Garfield.  \nIntroduction  \nThe purpose of this article is to describe and compare individual state funding systems for public elementary and secondary education in the United States. States' major education funding systems are described as well as funding mechanisms for students with disabilities; English language learners (ELL); gifted and talented students; and low income or \"at-risk\" students, the latter more broadly defined as those who are at risk of dropping out of school. Third is a description of state funding for vocational, career, and technical education programs, an area that is of particular importance to students who do not plan to pursue postsecondary education. Fourth are funding programs that are generally, but not always, outside the state's major funding system that are districtbased. These include state funding related to sparsity and density factors; transportation costs; and infrastructurerelated expenses for capital outlay and associated debt.  \nMethodology  \nInformation on state elementary and secondary education funding systems for the 2014-2015 school year presented in this article was gathered by means of a 50-state survey sent to a state's chief education officer, superintendent of public instruction, or designee.1 Follow-up reminders were sent via email and ground mail. Forty-eight states responded. For the remaining two states, survey responses were submitted by a recognized authority on that state's education funding systemselected by the author. After survey results were collated, they were returned to each state contact for review and verification of their accuracy.  \nMajor Funding Systems  \nFor the 2014-2015 school year, states provided major funding to public elementary and secondary education using one of four types of formulas, or a combination thereof:  \n• Foundation program. Foundations formulas provide school districts with a uniform state guarantee for  \nEducational Considerations 25  \nper-pupil expenditure through a combination state and local school district funding;  \n•  District power equalization. District power equalization formulas provide school districts with state funding that varies based on tax rates.  \n• Full state funding. With full state funding, all school district funding is provided by the state.  \n• Flat Grants. State-funded flat grants provide school districts with a uniform amount of funding per unit, such as per pupil, teacher, or classroom.  \nTable 1 lists those states using each type of funding system or a combination/tiered system.  \nFoundation Programs  \nThirty-seven states use the foundation program as their major funding system. When states that employ a foundation program as part of a combination/tiered funding approach are included, the total number of states using the foundation program is 46. Foundation formulas, originally intended to fund a basic education program, support the concept of student equity through a state guarantee of funding per pupil. School districts contribute to the state guarantee through a uniform tax rate or the revenues that rate yields. The school district contribution is generally drawn from the local property tax, although some states, like Nevada, use sales tax revenues for a portion of the local funding component.2 Using the uniform tax rate, property-poor school districts generate less revenue than property-wealthy school districts. To compensate, the state funds the difference up to the state guarantee per pupil. The level of the state guarantee per pupil, uniform tax rate, and ","cbCaiuONw2HV9ilw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuONw2HV9ilw","pdf",193114,"English","# Introduction\n# Methodology\n# Major Funding Systems\n## Foundation Programs\n## District Power Equalization\n## Full State Funding, Flat Grants, and Two-Tiered Funding Systems\n## Student-Based Funding","[{\"question\":\"What is the article’s main purpose regarding education finance systems?\",\"answer\":\"It describes and compares individual state funding systems for public elementary and secondary education in the United States, including major formula types and specific student-focused mechanisms.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the data for the 2014–2015 school year collected?\",\"answer\":\"Information was gathered through a 50-state survey sent to a state chief education officer, superintendent of public instruction, or designee, followed by email and mail reminders; 48 states responded.\"},{\"question\":\"What major funding formula types are discussed for state education finance?\",\"answer\":\"The article outlines foundation programs, district power equalization, full state funding, and flat grants, and also notes that some states use two-tiered or combination approaches.\"}]","Policy Perspectives on State Elementary and Secondary Public Education Finance Systems in the United States - article overview | PDF",1792093433]