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It analyzes dozens of policy documents issued since 1999 and argues the sector’s evolution is largely policy-driven, moving through four stages: scale development, quality improvement, capacity building, and systemwide enhancement. The article links transitions between stages to successive new policy initiatives, and evaluates the implications of the recent one-million enrollment expansion and the proposed “1+X” model for the next phase.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/policy-driven-development-and-the-strategic-initiative-of-one-million-enrollment-expansion-in-chinas-higher-vocational-education-research-report/601082/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/policy-driven-development-and-the-strategic-initiative-of-one-million-enrollment-expansion-in-chinas-higher-vocational-education-research-report/601082.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"LangkahRina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the article?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article explores the relationship between governmental policy and the development of China’s higher vocational education.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article describe the sector’s development over time?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It divides the development into four stages: scale development, quality improvement, capacity building, and systemwide enhancement, with transitions marked by new policy initiatives.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the one-million enrollment expansion and the “1+X” model imply?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They have significant implications for China’s higher vocational education and may signal the beginning of a new development stage by emphasizing both academic education and skill training.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601082,1792230788,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46},962090893776,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Policy-Driven Development and the Strategic Initiative of One-Million Enrollment Expansion in China’s Higher Vocational Education  \nXiaoxian Fan  \nEast China Normal University  \nECNU Review of Education 2020, Vol. 3(1) 179–186 ª The Author(s) 2020 Article reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/2096531120903879](DOI: 10.1177/2096531120903879)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/2096531120903879)[journals.sagepub.com/home/roe](journals.sagepub.com/home/roe)  \nAbstract  \nPurpose: This article explores the relationship between governmental policy and the development of higher vocational education in China.  \nDesign/Approach/Methods: The article begins with a textual analysis of dozens of policy documents on higher vocational education issued by the Chinese government since 1999. Findings: The article argues that the development of higher vocational education in China has been largely policy-driven. This development can be divided into four stages: scale development, quality improvement, capacity building, and systemwide enhancement. The transition between each of these developmental stages was marked by new policy initiatives undertaken by the Chinese government.  \nOriginality/Value: The government’s recent efforts to expand higher vocational education enrollment by one million students have significant implications for China’s higher vocational education. Additionally, the proposed “1 þ X” model—which attaches equal importance to academic education and skill training—may represent the beginning of a new stage in the development of higher vocational education in China.  \nCorresponding author:  \nXiaoxian Fan, Periodical House of East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.  \nEmail: [fanxx666@163.com](fanxx666@163.com)  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative  \nCommons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \nKeywords  \nChina’s higher vocational education, development stage, one-million enrollment expansion, policy incentives  \nDate received: 12 April 2019; accepted: 8 January 2020  \nSince expanding enrollment in 1999, China has substantially developed the scale and quality of its higher vocational education sector. Higher vocational education has comprised roughly half of the higher education sector. According to data published by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (MOE), by 2018, there were 1,418 higher vocational and technical colleges, accounting for 53 .2% of the total number (2,663) of higher education institutions in China (MOE, 2019) . In 2018, higher vocational education had 3.6883 million newly admitted students and 11.337 million enrolled students, accounting for 46 .6% and 40%, respectively, of regular higher education enrollment (Ma & Guo, 2019) . Moreover, more than 90% of higher vocational education graduates found jobs within 6 months of graduation.  \nThus, after two decades of development, China’s higher vocational education has achieved the policy goals set for such indicators as scale, quality, graduate employment rate, and graduate starting salary. Playing a substantial role in the China’s move to higher education massification, higher vocational education has become a major component of the higher education system and a major source of the highly skilled and practical personnel. A number of competitive vocational colleges have also emerged, including A Hundred Model Schools, National Advanced Vocational Education Ins","cbCaiff94YLug5yw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiff94YLug5yw","pdf",147562,"English","# Abstract\n# Historical review of China’s policy incentives for higher vocational education\n## Four-stage development framework\n## Stage 1 (1999–2005)\n## Stage 2 (2006–2010)\n## Stage 3 (2011–2018)\n## Stage 4 (2019–present)","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the article?\",\"answer\":\"The article explores the relationship between governmental policy and the development of China’s higher vocational education.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article describe the sector’s development over time?\",\"answer\":\"It divides the development into four stages: scale development, quality improvement, capacity building, and systemwide enhancement, with transitions marked by new policy initiatives.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the one-million enrollment expansion and the “1+X” model imply?\",\"answer\":\"They have significant implications for China’s higher vocational education and may signal the beginning of a new development stage by emphasizing both academic education and skill training.\"}]","Policy-Driven Development and the Strategic Initiative of One-Million Enrollment Expansion in China’s Higher Vocational Education - Research Report | PDF",1792091945]