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Effusion cytology is presented as an accurate diagnostic approach for metastatic 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clinical scenario is described in this case report?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"A 55-year-old man presented with pleural effusion, later identified as cytological pleural metastasis from ductal breast carcinoma.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which immunohistochemical markers were reported as positive?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Tumor cells were reported positive for BerEp4, GATA-3, AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, ER, AR, PR, and ki67.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How was the pleural effusion sample processed and stained?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The specimen was processed using the ThinPrep method, fixed with Cytolyt, then processed on an automated T2000 system and stained with the Papanicolaou 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Rossi  \nDivision of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Foundation “Agostino Gemelli” University Hospital, Rome, Italy Correspondence: Patrizia Straccia ([patrizia.straccia@policlinicogemelli.it](patrizia.straccia@policlinicogemelli.it))  \nReceived: 6 October 2025 | Revised: 23 October 2025 | Accepted: 3 November 2025  \nFunding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.  \nKeywords: breast cancer | cytology | diagnosis | effusions | metastasis  \nABSTRACT  \nMale breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease accounting for less than 1% of breast cancers and for 0.11% of all male malignancies. Despite the fact that the epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic literature regarding female breast cancer is well documented, little is known about the features of male breast cancer. Here, we present a case of cytological pleural metastasis from ductal breast carcinoma in a 55-year-old man. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells were positive for BerEp4, GATA-3, AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, ER (70%), AR (10%), PR (10%), and ki67 (10%) . In our experience, effusion cytology remains an accurate tool for the diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas.  \n1 | Introduction  \nAccording to the literature, male breast cancer is a rare disease accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers, and for 0.11% of all male malignancies [1–6] . The incidence is changing over the last years [2, 3] even though there are few studies investigating the disease. Therefore, most available data come from observational retrospective investigations limited by small sample sizes, short follow-up, and non-population-based design, with a consequent limitation in their interpretability.  \nData from the literature has shown that the pathogenesis of male breast cancer is still unclear, although epidemiologic risk factors may include prostate cancer and associated endocrine therapy, gynecomastia, occupational hazards (e.g., exposure to electromagnetic fields, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, high temperatures), dietary factors (e.g., meat intake) and alcohol intake [7].  \nItis well documented that BRCA1, BRCA2, and MMRgene mutations may play pivotal roles, as well as other genetic factors such asthe AR gene, the CHEK2 gene, cytochrome P45017 (CYP17), the XXY karyotype (Klinefelter's syndrome), and the PTEN tumor  \nsuppressor gene associated with Cowden syndrome that might be involved. Comparing with the more common female breast cancer, the male counterparts have a later onset of disease and a more advanced stage [5–9].  \nHere we report an unusual case of cytological pleural metastasis from male breast cancer. We also include the results ofa literature search performed for all cases of MBC with pleural effusion published so far.  \n2 | Case Report  \nA 55-year-old man presented with pleural effusion. He had been treated 6 years before for ductal carcinoma of the breast with surgery (radical mastectomy of the left breast) followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (Halaven-Eribulin), and radiation therapy (46 Gy) . In October 2024, whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography revealed a left pleural effusion.  \nThoracentesis was carried out under computed tomography guidance by the surgeon. A pleural drainage was inserted to manage  \n\n| Patrizia Straccia and Esther Diana Rossi contributed equally to this study. |\n| --- |\n| This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\u003Cbr>© 2025 The Author(s). Diagnostic Cytopathology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. |\n\nE36 Diagnostic Cytopathology, 2026; 54:E36–E39  \n[https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.70049](https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.70049)  \npleural effusion, under local anaesthesia and sterile conditions. No rapid on-site","cbCaiq6JjQ714VOR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiq6JjQ714VOR","pdf",471904,"English","# Introduction\n# Case Report\n# Cytopathologic Findings\n# Immunohistochemistry","[{\"question\":\"What clinical scenario is described in this case report?\",\"answer\":\"A 55-year-old man presented with pleural effusion, later identified as cytological pleural metastasis from ductal breast carcinoma.\"},{\"question\":\"Which immunohistochemical markers were reported as positive?\",\"answer\":\"Tumor cells were reported positive for BerEp4, GATA-3, AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, ER, AR, PR, and ki67.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the pleural effusion sample processed and stained?\",\"answer\":\"The specimen was processed using the ThinPrep method, fixed with Cytolyt, then processed on an automated T2000 system and stained with the Papanicolaou method.\"}]","Pleural Metastasis From Male Breast Cancer: A Case Report | PDF",1790195518]