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Urine and saliva enable non-invasive sampling and can carry cancer-associated nucleic acids, proteins, and extracellular vesicles. Their clinical analysis is hindered by low biomarker abundance, inter-individual variation, and interfering matrix components. Plasmonic nanoarray biosensors concentrate local electromagnetic fields, support multiplexed optical readout, and enable surface chemistry and microfluidic handling. The review evaluates architectures, fabrication, functionalization, and signal generation for biomarkers in urine and saliva, discussing LSPR, SERS, and metal-enhanced fluorescence while addressing remaining barriers to clinical translation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/plasmonic-nanoarray-biosensors-for-non-invasive-cancer-diagnostics/354653/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/plasmonic-nanoarray-biosensors-for-non-invasive-cancer-diagnostics/354653.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"mieayamfan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is early cancer detection important?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Early detection broadens treatment options and can improve patient survival, but it requires repeatable tests with minimal burden.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What makes urine and saliva useful for liquid biopsy?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They can be collected non-invasively and may contain cancer-associated nucleic acids, proteins, and extracellular vesicles, enabling longitudinal monitoring potential.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What analytical challenges affect plasmonic sensing in urine and saliva?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Low biomarker abundance, inter-individual variation, and matrix components that interfere with surface-based sensing create major constraints for reliable clinical analysis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},354653,1790208382,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":41,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090893677,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Review  \nPlasmonic Nanoarray Biosensors for Non-Invasive Cancer Diagnostics  \nSe Eun Kim 1, Hye Kyu Choi 2,* and Jin-Ha Choi 1, *  \nReceived: 21 July 2026  \nRevised: 12 August 2026  \nAccepted: 14 August 2026  \nPublished: 18 August 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeonbuk State, Republic of Korea; [omija5911@gmail.com](omija5911@gmail.com)  \n2 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA  \n* [Correspondence: hkc40@chem.rutgers.edu](Correspondence: hkc40@chem.rutgers.edu) (H.K.C.); [jhchoi@jbnu.ac.kr](jhchoi@jbnu.ac.kr) (J.-H.C.); Tel.: +82-63-270-4854 (J.-H.C.)  \nAbstract  \nEarly cancer detection can expand treatment options and improve patient survival, but it requires tests that can be repeated with minimal patient burden. Urine and saliva can be collected non-invasively and may contain cancer-associated nucleic acids, proteins, and extracellular vesicles. Clinical analysis of these body fluids is complicated by low biomarker abundance, inter-individual variation, and matrix components that interfere with surface-based sensing. Plasmonic nanoarray biosensors address some of these analytical constraints by concentrating local electromagnetic fields, supporting multiplexed optical readout, and accommodating surface chemistry and microfluidic handling. This review examines nanoarray architectures, fabrication methods, surface functionalization, and signal generation for cancer-associated biomarkers in urine and saliva. Localized surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and metal-enhanced fluorescence are discussed together with applications to bladder, prostate, pancreatic, oral, and head-and-neck cancers. Remaining barriers include biofouling, pre-analytical variation, fabrication reproducibility, limited validation using authentic biofluids, and incomplete sample-to-answer integration. Addressing these challenges through standardized biofluid processing, scalable nanoarray fabrication, and integrated microfluidic platforms will be essential for translating plasmonic nanoarray biosensors into clinically applicable cancer screening tools.  \nKeywords: plasmonic nanoarray; non-invasive cancer diagnostics; liquid biopsy; urine; saliva; SERS; LSPR; metal-enhanced fluorescence; extracellular vesicles; early cancer detection  \n1. Introduction  \nCurrent cancer incidence and mortality estimates underscore the need for earlier detection. GLOBOCAN reported approximately 20.0 million new cases and 9.7 million deaths worldwide in 2022 and projected a substantial increase by 2050 [1] . In the United States, the American Cancer Society estimated 2,114,850 new diagnoses and 626,140 deaths for 2026 [2] . Tissue biopsy remains central to histological diagnosis and molecular profiling. However, sampling bias, spatial heterogeneity, limited repeatability, and procedural burden have motivated the development of complementary molecular tests [3,4] . The growing population of cancer survivors further increases the need for methods that can support repeated monitoring over time [5] .  \nConversely, liquid biopsy now contributes to genomic profiling, treatment selection, response monitoring, resistance detection, and minimal residual disease assessment [6,7] . ctDNA, extracellular vesicles, microRNAs, proteins, and circulating tumor cells can provide tumor-related information without surgical tissue removal [6] . Blood has the most established clinical role, but other body fluids, including urine, also contain cancer-related molecular signals; sensitivity, specificity, and standardization remain unresolved [8] . Urine and saliva permit repeated sampling with little proce","cbCainDm5sobVM4W","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainDm5sobVM4W","pdf",3028741,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Need for earlier detection and challenges in tissue biopsy\n## Liquid biopsy and the role of urine and saliva\n# Plasmonic nanoarray strategies for low-abundance biomarkers","[{\"question\":\"Why is early cancer detection important?\",\"answer\":\"Early detection broadens treatment options and can improve patient survival, but it requires repeatable tests with minimal burden.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes urine and saliva useful for liquid biopsy?\",\"answer\":\"They can be collected non-invasively and may contain cancer-associated nucleic acids, proteins, and extracellular vesicles, enabling longitudinal monitoring potential.\"},{\"question\":\"What analytical challenges affect plasmonic sensing in urine and saliva?\",\"answer\":\"Low biomarker abundance, inter-individual variation, and matrix components that interfere with surface-based sensing create major constraints for reliable clinical analysis.\"}]","Plasmonic Nanoarray Biosensors for Non-Invasive Cancer Diagnostics | PDF",1790112774,76]