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Plasma treatment significantly enhances membrane hydrophilicity, evidenced by decreased water and hexadecane contact angles and increased surface energy using the OWRK method. SEM and AFM show pore enlargement, macrovoid formation, and increased roughness. XPS and OES confirm oxygen-containing functional groups and plasma-induced surface reactions. FTIR identifies surface functionalities; M12 spectra indicate bulk unchanged properties. TGA confirms thermal stability up to 523 °C, while mechanical tests show slightly reduced tensile strength but higher elongation. Improved porosity, water flux, and rejection efficiency are supported by BJH, with stable long-term filtration over repeated cycles. Hydrophobic recovery during ageing is modeled as diffusion-based, and cake filtration explains dominant fouling mechanisms. Findings support practical wastewater treatment potential and long-term durability.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/plasma-induced-metamorphosis-of-polysulfone-ultrafiltration-membrane-to-ameliorate-hydrophilic-functionalities/441852/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/plasma-induced-metamorphosis-of-polysulfone-ultrafiltration-membrane-to-ameliorate-hydrophilic-functionalities/441852.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"นรินทร์","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does low-pressure Argon plasma modify PSF ultrafiltration membranes?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Ar plasma enhances PSF membrane hydrophilicity by decreasing water/hexadecane contact angles and increasing surface energy. Characterization indicates pore enlargement, increased roughness, and incorporation of oxygen-containing functional groups.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which techniques were used to verify surface changes and functional group incorporation?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble (OWRK) was used for surface energy and wettability, while SEM and AFM evaluated morphology and roughness. XPS confirmed oxygen-containing groups, OES validated plasma-induced reactions, and FTIR identified characteristic functional peaks.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Does plasma treatment affect bulk properties and long-term filtration stability?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The similarity between pristine and M12 spectra suggests plasma mainly alters the surface while leaving bulk properties unchanged. Long-term studies show stability over repeated filtration cycles with consistent rejection performance, and ageing exhibits initial hydrophobic recovery that stabilizes thereafter.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},441852,1790740188,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31},2336475104957,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c6bd8a5076e1?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787554080175789136","This article is licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0   \n[http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf](http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf)  Article   \nPlasma-Induced Metamorphosis of Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane to Ameliorate Hydrophilic Functionalities  \nTonmoi Hazarika, Bharat Kakati, * Manoj Kumar Mahanta, and Ramesh Chand Bohra  \n Cite This: ACS Omega 2025, 10, 58522−58541  \nRead Online  \n\n|  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ACCESS   | Metrics & More |  |  Article Recommendations |\n\nABSTRACT: This study examines the effect of low-pressure Argon (Ar) plasma treatment on the surface modification and filtration performance of polysulfone (PSF) ultrafiltration membranes. Plasma treatment significantly enhances membrane hydrophilicity, as indicated by decreased water and hexadecane contact angles, and increased surface energy, as determined using the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble (OWRK) method. Surface characterization via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) reveals pore enlargement, macrovoid formation, and increased roughness. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the incorporation of oxygencontaining functional groups, with a proposed mechanism for plasma-induced surface reactions further validated by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). Fourier-transform infrared spec  \ntroscopy (FTIR) analysis reveals characteristic peaks corresponding to different surface functionalities on the membrane surface. The similarity between pristine and M12 spectra indicates that plasma treatment mainly affects the surface while leaving the bulk properties unchanged. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) shows that the treated membranes maintain thermal stability up to 523 °C. Mechanical testing indicates a slight decrease in tensile strength but an increase in elongation at break, suggesting improved flexibility without compromising bulk integrity. Enhanced porosity, water flux, and rejection efficiency are observed in plasma-treated membranes, supported by Barrett−Joyner−Halenda (BJH) analysis. Long-term filtration studies demonstrate stability over repeated cycles with consistent rejection performance. Ageing studies show initial hydrophobic recovery within a week, stabilizing thereafter, which aligns with a diffusion-based ageing model. The cake filtration model explains the dominant fouling mechanisms. These findings underscore the potential of Ar plasma-treated PSF membranes for practical wastewater treatment applications, offering improved performance and long-term durability.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nMembrane processes such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis are widely employed for water purification across various applications. However, the susceptibility of polymeric membranes to fouling presents a significant challenge in water and wastewater treatment. 1−3 Most polymeric membranes are hydrophobic or inherently low hydrophilic, which predisposes them to fouling by proteins and natural organic matter (NOM) .1 To address this issue, extensive research focuses on developing hydrophilic membranes with reduced fouling tendencies. Consequently, enhancing membrane hydrophilicity emerges as a promising strategy for mitigating membrane fouling.1,3  \nOver the past few decades, polysulfone (PSF) has emerged as a widely employed ultrafiltration membrane due to its commendable mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability and impressive film-forming properties.4,5 Despite these advantages, the inherent hydrophobicity of PSF membranes predisposes them to frequent fouling during filtration. Fouling  \nmechanisms are multifactorial, arising from surface morphology, surface chemistry, hydrodynamic conditions, ionic strength, and solute concentration.5,6  \nVarious strategies have been implemented in recent decades to mitigate the fouling phenomenon. These can be categorized into four primary approaches: feed pretreatment, optimization of operating conditions, cleaning procedures, and membrane modi","cbCaiuHbuSccBLEs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuHbuSccBLEs","pdf",73289900,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Challenges in polymeric membrane fouling\n## Hydrophilic membrane modification strategies\n# Materials and methods (implied from characterization and analyses)\n## Surface energy and wettability measurements (OWRK)\n## Morphology and roughness characterization (SEM, AFM)\n## Surface chemistry and functional groups (XPS, OES, FTIR)\n## Thermal and mechanical evaluations (TGA, tensile testing)\n## Porosity and filtration performance (BJH, flux, rejection)\n## Long-term stability and ageing behavior\n## Fouling mechanism interpretation (cake filtration)","[{\"question\":\"How does low-pressure Argon plasma modify PSF ultrafiltration membranes?\",\"answer\":\"Ar plasma enhances PSF membrane hydrophilicity by decreasing water/hexadecane contact angles and increasing surface energy. Characterization indicates pore enlargement, increased roughness, and incorporation of oxygen-containing functional groups.\"},{\"question\":\"Which techniques were used to verify surface changes and functional group incorporation?\",\"answer\":\"Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble (OWRK) was used for surface energy and wettability, while SEM and AFM evaluated morphology and roughness. XPS confirmed oxygen-containing groups, OES validated plasma-induced reactions, and FTIR identified characteristic functional peaks.\"},{\"question\":\"Does plasma treatment affect bulk properties and long-term filtration stability?\",\"answer\":\"The similarity between pristine and M12 spectra suggests plasma mainly alters the surface while leaving bulk properties unchanged. Long-term studies show stability over repeated filtration cycles with consistent rejection performance, and ageing exhibits initial hydrophobic recovery that stabilizes thereafter.\"}]","Plasma-Induced Metamorphosis of Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane to Ameliorate Hydrophilic Functionalities | PDF",1790697838]