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The content starts with bonding types, crystalline versus non-crystalline solids, space lattices, crystal structures, and lattice position notations using Miller indices. It then extends to alloy structure and solid solutions, followed by phase rule, unary/binary diagrams, and determination methods. Later sections develop defect classifications, dislocations, surface and grain-boundary defects, and set the basis for solidification and deformation topics.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/physical-metallurgy-part-1-vijendra-singh/167337/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/physical-metallurgy-part-1-vijendra-singh/167337.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sage","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-08-31",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",166,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What bonding types are covered in the book’s structure of metals section?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The book introduces ionic, covalent, van der Waals, and metallic bonding, then links metallic properties to metal behavior.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the text treat crystal structures and their notation?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It explains crystalline versus non-crystalline solids, space lattices, common metal crystal structures (BCC, FCC, HCP), and uses lattice position and Miller index-based notations for planes and directions.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What topics are included in the phase diagrams chapter?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It covers the phase rule, unary and binary diagrams (including eutectic and peritectic systems), uses of phase diagrams, and methods for determining them such as thermal analysis and microscopic/X-ray approaches.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},167337,1793340978,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":147,"preview_urls":148},687197207057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","PhysicalMetallurgy  \nVijendra Singh  \nCONTENTS  \nChapterPage No.PREFACE031.STRUCTURE OF METALS1-58  \n1.1.  Types of Bonds……·…1  \n1.1.1.Ionic Bond……  …1  \n1.1.2.Covalent Bond………2  \n1.1.3.Van der waals Bond…  ……   3  \n1.1.4.Metallic Bond………4  \n1.1.5.Metallic Properties…  …  …6  \n1.2.  Crystalline Versus Non-crystalline Solids…9  \n1.2.1.Properties of Non-crystalline Solids………11  \n1.3.Space lattice…..13  \n1.3.1.Unit Cell Versus Primitive Cell……18  \n1.4.Crystal Structure…19  \n1.4.1.lattice Parameter  \n………21  \n1.5.Common Crystal Structures in Metals…   ……211.5.1.Body Centred Cubic(BCC)Crystal Structure………21  \n1.5.2.Geometry of Close-Packed Crystal Structures………251.5.3.Face-Centred Cubic(FCC)Crystal Structure……28  \n1.5.4.Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP)Crystal Structure………31  \n1.6.Some Other Important Crystal Structures  \n…36  \n1.7.Polymorphism or Allotropy  \n37  \n1.8.Notations for Lattice Positions,Planes and Directions  \n.    ……40  \n1.8.1.Lattice Points  \n……40  \n1.8.2.Miller Indices of a Lattice Plane  \n………·42  \n1.8.3.Interplanar Spacing  \n………45  \n1.8.4.Miller Indices of a Direction  \n……45  \n1.8.5.Miller-Bravais Indices  \n…49  \n1.8.6.Planar Density  \n51  \n1.8.7.Linear Density  \n………52  \n1.8.8.Repeat Distance  \n………52  \n1.8.9.Packing Fraction of a Direction  \n……52  \n1.9.  Planar Density on Some Other Planes  \n….54  \n1.9.1.BCC Crystal Structure………54  \n1.9.2.FCC Crystal Structure  \n……54  \n1.9.3.HCP Crystal Structure………55  \n1.10.Angles Between Directions(Cubic Crystals)  \n…..55  \n1.11.Intersection of Planes  \n.……55  \n1.12.Direction within a Plane…55Questions……56  \n2.STRUCTURE OF ALLOYS59-90Introduction2.1Alloys…59…60  \n…  \n62  \n2.2.Solid Solution  \n2.3.Types of Solid Solutions……63  \n2.3.1.Substitutional Solid Solutions………63  \n2.3.2.Interstitial Solid Solutions…   …   …64  \n2.4.Hume-Rothery Rules for Primary Substitutional Solid Solubility…    …65  \n2.5.Types of Interstitial Voids  \n.68  \n2.5.1.Tetrahedral void……·68  \n2.5.2.Octahedral void.……69  \n2.6.Chemical Compounds Versus Solid Solutions72  \n2.7.Intermediate Phases.72  \n2.7.1.Interstitial compounds73  \n2.7.2.Electron Compounds…73  \n2.7.3.Defect Phases.73  \n2.7.4.Electro-valency compounds74  \n·  \n2.7.5.Lave Phases…742.8.Polycrystalline Materials.……74  \n2.9.Grain Size81  \n2.10.Measurement of Grain Size.82  \n2.11.Multi-phase Alloys.82  \n2.11.1.Shapes of Phases.……83  \n2.11.2.Applications…87Questions……88  \n3.PHASE DIAGRAMS91-162Introduction.91  \n3.1.  Phase Rule.….91  \n3.2.Unary Diagrams.94  \n3.3.Binary Diagrams… 953.3.1.Type I Solid Solution Systems………96  \n3.3.2.Type I.Eutectic Systems  \n…   ……109  \n3.3.3.Type II.Eutectic Systems  \n………116  \n3.3.4.Type IV.A system with Peritectic Reaction  \n……   …123  \n3.3.5.Alloy System with one or more Intermediate phases  \n…   …127  \n3.3.6.Monotectic Reaction  \n……128  \n3.3.7.Phase diagrams with Solid State Transformations  \n…132  \n3.4.Uses of Phase Diagrams  \n…   …   …136  \n3.5.Determination of Phase Diagrams  \n.138  \n3.5.1.Thermal Analysis  \n138  \n3.5.2.Dip Sampling141  \n3.5.3.Dilatometry141  \n3.5.4.Microscopic Methods  \n……142  \n3.5.5.X-ray Diffraction Methods  \n……143  \n3.5.6.Electrical Resistivity Method  \n……144  \n3.6.7.Other Methods  \n………145  \n3.6.Limitations of Equilibrium Diagrams  \n.….145  \n3.7.Zone Melting…     .…146  \n3.8.Ternary Diagrams…   ….…  149  \n3.8.1.Types of Derived Two Dimensional Diagrams….…  150Questions…161  \n6  \n(ix)  \nMSFECTS IN CRYSTALS163-263名nrvnction本e of Defects………163…163名3Phin Defects………164  \n4.34.Vacancy  \n2 intersticiakcy………1644.3.8.Frenkel Defect……165……1664.34.lmpurity Atoms……166多ilibrium Concentration of Vacancies…·……  167  \n…….…171………173………175  \n4.5.n Delects-Dislocations  \n4.5.4.Theoretical Yield Strength v Actual Yield Strength  \n4.5.2.Geometry of Dislocations  \n45.8.Moaon of an Edge Dislocation…   ……178  \n………181………187189  \n4.5.4.Surgers Vector  \n45.5.Motion of Dislocations  \n4.5.8.Serain Enengy of a dislocation……  \n193  \n45.7.Rorce on Dislocation due to External Stress…·…458.Line Tension………193459.Forces Between Dislocati","cbCaip0nqRQpCP1I","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaip0nqRQpCP1I","pdf",89221041,349,"English","# Preface\n# Structure of Metals\n## Types of Bonds\n## Crystalline Versus Non-crystalline Solids\n## Space lattice and Crystal Structure\n## Common Crystal Structures in Metals\n## Polymorphism or Allotropy\n## Notations for Lattice Positions, Planes and Directions\n## Planar Density and Directions in Crystals\n# Structure of Alloys\n## Alloys and Solid Solution\n## Hume-Rothery Rules and Types of Interstitial Voids\n## Chemical Compounds Versus Solid Solutions\n## Intermediate Phases and Polycrystalline Materials\n## Grain Size and Multi-phase Alloys\n# Phase Diagrams\n## Phase Rule and Unary Diagrams\n## Binary Diagrams and Eutectic Systems\n## Phase Diagrams Uses and Determination Methods\n## Limitations of Equilibrium Diagrams\n# Defects in Crystals\n## Point Defects\n## Dislocations and Their Mechanics\n## Surface Defects and Grain Boundaries\n# Solidification\n## Structure of Liquid Metals and Energetics\n## Nucleation and Growth\n## Dendritic Growth and Segregation\n## Porosity\n# Deformation of Metals","[{\"question\":\"What bonding types are covered in the book’s structure of metals section?\",\"answer\":\"The book introduces ionic, covalent, van der Waals, and metallic bonding, then links metallic properties to metal 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