[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-126572-en":3,"doc-seo-126572-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":84},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},126572,687207017582,"Himbo","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d",6,"Technology","Physical Layer Authentication and Security Design - in the Machine Learning Era","Physical layer security is a prominent research direction in wireless systems, and machine learning is becoming a key enabler of new data-driven security approaches. The work reviews ML algorithms suited to wireless security and surveys recent ML-assisted PHY security progress. PHY security is organized into two parts: PHY authentication and secure PHY transmission. Neural networks are treated as special ML tools to solve PHY security optimization problems, and major challenges and opportunities for tailored ML methods are discussed.","Physical Layer Authentication and Security Design  \nin the Machine Learning Era  \nTiep M. Hoang, Alireza Vahid, Hoang Duong Tuan, and Lajos Hanzo  \narXiv :2305 .09748v1 [ cs .CR] 16 May 2023  \nAbstract—Security at the physical layer (PHY) is a salient research topic in wireless systems, and machine learning (ML) is emerging as a powerful tool for providing new data-driven security solutions. Therefore, the application of ML techniques to the PHY security is of crucial importance in the landscape of more and more data-driven wireless services. In this context, we first summarize the family of bespoke ML algorithms that are eminently suitable for wireless security. Then, we review the recent progress in ML-aided PHY security, where the term“PHY security” is classified into two different types: i) PHY authentication and ii) secure PHY transmission. Moreover, we treat neural networks as special types of ML and present how to deal with PHY security optimization problems using neural networks. Finally, we identify some major challenges and opportunities in tackling PHY security challenges by applying carefully tailored ML tools.  \nIndex terms—Physical Layer Security, Authentication, Secure Transmission, Machine Learning, Neural Network, Optimization.  \nAE  \nCompl-NN  \nCompl-OPT CSI  \nDOA  \nGAN  \nGD  \nIoT  \nk-means k-NN  \nLDA  \nLED  \nLiFi  \nMIMO  \nML  \nMLP mmWave MOO MUSIC NLoS OC-SVMPGD  \nPHY  \nRBF  \nReal-NN  \nReal-OPT RIS  \nRRN  \nRSS  \nAuto-encoder  \nComplex-valued neural network Complex-valued optimization Channel state information Direction of arrival  \nGenerative adversarial network Gradient descent  \nInternet-of-Things  \nk-means clustering  \nk-Nearest neighbour  \nLinear discriminant analysis Light-emitting diode  \nLight fidelity  \nMultiple-input multiple-output Machine learning  \nMultiple layer perceptron Millimeter wave  \nMultiple-objective optimization MUlti-SIgnal Classification Non-line-of-sight  \nOne-class support vector machine Projected gradient descent Physical layer  \nRadial basis function  \nReal-valued neural network  \nReal-valued optimization Reconfigurable intelligent surface Recurrent neural network Received Signal Strength  \nT. M. Hoang and A. Vahid are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA (e-mails: [minhtiep.hoang@ucdenver.edu](minhtiep.hoang@ucdenver.edu); [alireza.vahid@ucdenver.edu](alireza.vahid@ucdenver.edu)).  \nH. D. Tuan is with the School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia ([email:Tuan.Hoang@uts.edu.au](email:Tuan.Hoang@uts.edu.au)).  \nL. Hanzo is with the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K. (email: [lh@soton.ac.uk](lh@soton.ac.uk)).  \nSGD Stochastic gradient descent  \nSSL Self-supervised learning  \nSVM Support vector machine  \nTOA Time of arrival  \nVLC Visible light communication  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nA. Physical Layer Security  \nPhysical layer (PHY) security has become a new line of research independent of the security at higher layers [1]–[3] . The basic foundation of PHY security lies in the randomness of the propagation environment and of hardware impairments, which are hard to mimic. In parallel to the evolution of wireless communications, PHY security has been investigated in a wide variety of communication systems. Numerous PHY security methods have been developed, which can be categorized into the following pair of areas:  \n􀀏 PHY authentication: Upon receiving a signal, authentication is needed to ascertain whether it comes from a trusted source or not. Through authentication, the origin of a signal can be tracked and the presence of an illegal user can be identified. In PHY authentication, channel uniqueness between a pair of devices can be exploited asa means of characterizing their identities and positions [2] . A pair of common attacks in PHY authentication are jamming and spoofing attacks. The purpose of jamming at","cbCaidjJdMmd5NjH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidjJdMmd5NjH","pdf",1443385,4,1,29,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Physical Layer Security\n## PHY Authentication\n## PHY Security Design","[{\"question\":\"What kinds of techniques can PHY security design include?\",\"answer\":\"Secure transmission strategies may use directional beamforming, artificial noise, multiple antennas, and transmit antenna selection. Network-level designs can involve cooperation of relay nodes for cooperative beamforming or using an intermediate node as a friendly jammer, alongside performance optimization under constraints.\"}]","Physical Layer Authentication and Security Design - in the Machine Learning Era | PDF",1785933398,73,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":79,"head_meta":81,"extra_data":83,"updated_unix":29},"physical-layer-authentication-and-security-design-in-the-machine-learning-era","",{"@graph":37,"@context":78},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/physical-layer-authentication-and-security-design-in-the-machine-learning-era/126572/",{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-23","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What kinds of techniques can PHY security design include?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"Secure transmission strategies may use directional beamforming, artificial noise, multiple antennas, and transmit antenna selection. Network-level designs can involve cooperation of relay nodes for cooperative beamforming or using an intermediate node as a friendly jammer, alongside performance optimization under constraints.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":80,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":82,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":85},[86,90,94,98,103,106,111,116,121,124,128],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":87,"show_sort_weight":88,"slug":89},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":91,"show_sort_weight":92,"slug":93},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":99,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":122,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":123},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":127},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":129,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":131},19,"General","general"]