[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-373963-105":59,"doc-detail-373963-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","photodynamic-therapy-induced-inflammation-and-adverse-effects-an-updated-review","Photodynamic therapy-induced inflammation and adverse effects: An updated review","","Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment using a photosensitizing agent and light, which can provoke local inflammation in tumor environments to stimulate immune responses and improve therapeutic efficiency. However, PDT-related inflammation can also cause early and long-term adverse effects in surrounding and local tissues, and the underlying inflammation mechanism is not fully understood. This updated review summarizes key parameters affecting cytotoxicity and inflammation, categorizes inflammatory pathways and associated side effects, and proposes factors to reduce harm to normal tissue in future protocols.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/photodynamic-therapy-induced-inflammation-and-adverse-effects-an-updated-review/373963/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/photodynamic-therapy-induced-inflammation-and-adverse-effects-an-updated-review/373963.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"MrHarris58","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is photodynamic therapy (PDT) and why can it trigger inflammation?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"PDT uses a photosensitizing agent and light to treat various conditions. By generating reactive oxygen species, PDT can promote cytokine and mediator production, leading to immune-cell recruitment and local inflammation.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What adverse effects can occur after PDT-induced inflammation?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review notes early and long-term side effects in local and surrounding tissues, including pain, erythema, and infection, as well as inflammation-related consequences in normal and distal tissues.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which factors influence cytotoxicity and the inflammatory response in PDT?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Cytotoxicity and side effects depend on tumor type and location, the photosensitizer used, laser power, oxygen level, tumor properties, and patient-specific characteristics, along with treatment protocol parameters.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},373963,1790495221,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687212988360,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Biomedical Journal 49 (2026) 100889  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect Biomedical Journal  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bj)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/bj](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bj)  \n| Review Article\u003Cbr>Photodynamic therapy-induced inflammation and adverse effects: An updated review |  |  | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *\u003Cbr>Kave Moloudi, Heidi Abrahamse, Blassan P. George \u003Cbr>Laser Research Centre (LRC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa |  |  |  |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |  |\n| Keywords: Photodynamic therapy Inflammation Immune response Adverse effects Cytokines Interleukin-1 (IL-1)\u003Cbr>Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) |  | Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive medical treatment that uses a photosensitizing agent and light to treat various medical conditions and ophthalmology including chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, cancer, skin disorders, and infections. Local inflammation in tumor environment after PDT can be effective in eliciting an immune response to improve treatment efficiency but it causes some early and long-term side effects in local and surround tissues, resulting leads to incidental effects and unwilling consequences such as pain, erythema and infection. Moreover, the mechanism of inflammation in PDT is not clear. Employment of non-optimized protocol including cytotoxic photosensitizer (PS) and fluence and fluence rate during PDT can bring biased outcomes for patients in terms of inflammation and treatment. In PDT, the minimum cytotoxicity and side effects of normal tissue depend on several factors, including the type and location of the tumor to be treated, the PS used, laser power, oxygen level, tumor properties and the patient's individual characteristics. Therefore, careful consideration and adjustment of these parameters are essential for achieving successful PDT outcome. However, in this topical review, various databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were used to find relevant studies for this purpose. We highlighted various parameters that influence on cytotoxicity and inflammation response of normal tissue after PDT. Additionally, various pathways that PDT induced inflammation summarized as well as associated side effects have been categorized and finally, we proposed some factors to reduce the side effects and cytotoxicity to the normal tissue in future. |  |\n\n1. Introduction  \nThe inflammatory response of body to photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a complex process and consequences that involves the activation of immune cells and the release of inflammatory mediators [1–4]. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by PDT can trigger the production of cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins, which can attract immune cells to the site of treatment and abscopal tissues via blood circulation [5–7]. Immune cell infiltration, such as that of neutrophils and macrophages, can intensify the inflammatory response and damage the tissue [8,9]. Moreover, the activation of the complement system can also contribute to the inflammatory response by promoting the recruitment of immune cells and enhancing the clearance of damaged cells. While the inflammation response is an important aspect of the healing process, excessive or prolonged inflammation can lead to chronic tissue damage and impair tissue function [9]. Therefore, it is crucial to balance the therapeutic benefits of PDT with the potential risks of inducing inflammation and tissue damage in normal tissue.  \nInflammation is a normal response of the body's immune system to injury or illness. On the other hand, chronic inflammation has also been connected to a range of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and arthritis [10]. Inflammatory cells release chemicals that damage tissues and organs, leading to the development of these diseases [4,11,12]. Therefore, it is importan","cbCair2NcheQYL6D","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair2NcheQYL6D","pdf",2911851,"English","# Introduction\n## Inflammatory response to PDT\n## Links to chronic inflammation and disease\n## Inflammation as a critical and controversial issue in PDT","[{\"question\":\"What is photodynamic therapy (PDT) and why can it trigger inflammation?\",\"answer\":\"PDT uses a photosensitizing agent and light to treat various conditions. By generating reactive oxygen species, PDT can promote cytokine and mediator production, leading to immune-cell recruitment and local inflammation.\"},{\"question\":\"What adverse effects can occur after PDT-induced inflammation?\",\"answer\":\"The review notes early and long-term side effects in local and surrounding tissues, including pain, erythema, and infection, as well as inflammation-related consequences in normal and distal tissues.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors influence cytotoxicity and the inflammatory response in PDT?\",\"answer\":\"Cytotoxicity and side effects depend on tumor type and location, the photosensitizer used, laser power, oxygen level, tumor properties, and patient-specific characteristics, along with treatment protocol parameters.\"}]","Photodynamic therapy-induced inflammation and adverse effects: An updated review | PDF",1790200913,25]