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This scoping review collates reported uses of PBM for ocular, vision, lid, and orbital conditions in children and young people aged 0–18 years. A comprehensive Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, and Cochrane search identified 47 eligible studies, mostly randomized controlled trials, with evidence focusing on myopia control and other investigated conditions. Safety appeared favourable, but further protocol optimization is required.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/photobiomodulation-therapy-for-childrens-eye-and-vision-conditions-scoping-review/648886/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/photobiomodulation-therapy-for-childrens-eye-and-vision-conditions-scoping-review/648886.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-10-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is photobiomodulation (PBM) and how does it work?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"PBM is a non-invasive, light-based therapy using non-ionizing light sources. It relies on absorption by intracellular photoreceptors, triggering signalling pathways that lead to biological changes in cells.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which age group and types of studies were included in the review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Included primary research articles reported an age range from 0 to 18 years and were written in English. Case reports, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and studies using photodynamic therapy, cross-linking, or optogenetics were excluded.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What eye and vision conditions received the most attention, and what safety profile was reported?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Most included studies focused on myopia control, including reductions in axial elongation and possible rebound effects after stopping. PBM showed potential benefits across several conditions and generally a favourable safety profile with transient adverse effects such as mild photophobia and dry eye.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},648886,1792919548,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},5909892330395,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Photobiomodulation therapy for children’s eye and vision conditions  \nAnnegret Dahlmann-Noor  \nNIHR Moorfields BRC [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7402-4350](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7402-4350)  \nAlicia Alicia Fothergill  \nCharles Hennings  \nNIHR Moorfields BRC [https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9261-2386](https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9261-2386)  \nDesta Bokre  \nArticle  \nKeywords:  \nPosted Date: November 11th, 2025  \nDOI: [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7903395/v1](https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7903395/v1)  \nLicense: 􀁱 􀅏 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  \nRead Full License  \nAdditional Declarations: There is confl ict of interest  \nVersion of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Eye on July 29th, 2026. See the published  \nversion at [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x).  \nAbstract  \nBackground: Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-invasive, light-based technology that stimulates cellular mechanisms, with therapeutic effect on a variety of medical conditions. Wavelengths of light are absorbed by intracellular photoreceptors, resulting in the activation of signalling pathways that culminate in biological changes within the cell. PBM treatment has been reported for a range of eye/vision conditions, mostly in adults.  \nObjectives: We carried out a scoping review of the published literature and collated reported uses of PBM for eye/vision/lid/orbital conditions in children and young people.  \nEligibility criteria: We developed a comprehensive Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase and Cochrane Library search strategy. We included primary research articles written in English reporting an age range from 0- 18 years. Ocular, vision, lid, or orbital conditions treated with PBMT, low light therapy, or intense pulsed light therapy (400–1100 nm spectral range) . Case reports, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and studies using photodynamic therapy, cross-linking, or optogenetics were excluded.  \nSources of evidence: We used Covidence Systematic Review Software for de-duplication and screening of titles and abstracts, using a pre-specified screening tool. Charting methods: We developed and used a data extraction tool in Covidence. Two reviewers independently extracted data and discussed and resolved disagreements.  \nResults: Of 5,081 identified studies, 47 were included. The majority focused on myopia control, reporting reductions in axial elongation, some noted rebound effects upon cessation. Amblyopia, retinopathy of prematurity, meibomian gland dysfunction, chalazion, concussion, and visual fatigue were also investigated. Most studies were randomized controlled trials, with China as the predominant investigating region. PBMT demonstrated potential benefits across various conditions with a favourable safety profile.  \nDiscussion: PBMT may have a role in the management of childhood eye conditions, particularly myopia and blepharitis. It appears generally safe, with transient adverse effects such as mild photophobia and dry eye.  \nConclusions: Further research is needed to optimize protocols and assess sustained efficacy and safety for widespread clinical adoption.  \nIntroduction  \nBackground  \nPhotobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a form of light therapy that utilizes non-ionizing forms of light sources, including lasers, LEDs, and broadband light, in the visible and infrared spectrum[ 1] [2] PBM therapy, formerly known as low-level light therapy (LLLT), or, before the use of LED, as Low-level-laser  \ntherapy, generally uses light with red and near-infrared wavelengths (600–1000nm) to modulate a wide range of biological processes, such as neural stimulation, downregulation of inflammation and promotion of wound healing and tissue regeneration [1] . The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptor defines LLLT as “Treatment using irradiation with light of low power intensity so that the effects are a response to the light and not due to heat. A variety ","cbCaifwc1hNbkloH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifwc1hNbkloH","pdf",1070299,17,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Objectives\n## Eligibility criteria\n## Sources of evidence\n## Results\n## Discussion\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction\n## Background\n## Rationale\n## Objectives\n## Methods\n## Protocol and registration","[{\"question\":\"What is photobiomodulation (PBM) and how does it work?\",\"answer\":\"PBM is a non-invasive, light-based therapy using non-ionizing light sources. It relies on absorption by intracellular photoreceptors, triggering signalling pathways that lead to biological changes in cells.\"},{\"question\":\"Which age group and types of studies were included in the review?\",\"answer\":\"Included primary research articles reported an age range from 0 to 18 years and were written in English. Case reports, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and studies using photodynamic therapy, cross-linking, or optogenetics were excluded.\"},{\"question\":\"What eye and vision conditions received the most attention, and what safety profile was reported?\",\"answer\":\"Most included studies focused on myopia control, including reductions in axial elongation and possible rebound effects after stopping. PBM showed potential benefits across several conditions and generally a favourable safety profile with transient adverse effects such as mild photophobia and dry eye.\"}]","Photobiomodulation therapy for children's eye and vision conditions - scoping review | PDF",1792795900,43]