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\n114  \nPhantom Modeling in BIM  \nSundeep Veguru  \nTJ DeGanyar, Ph.D., PE  \nGenerally, buildings require multiple 3D models for their full design, engineering, construction, and integrated practice. Atthe core of an integrated practice lies the intimate collaboration between the design team, construction team and a digital 3D model. Phantom Modeling in BIM will illustrate varying collaborative approaches to understand how we can maintain “Phantom”links of shared 3D models between architects, contractors, and sub-contractors alike to incorporate design changes with greater efficiency.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nA basic tenet of American law is that construction trades cannot be held responsible for errors when they have properly followed contract documents. Known as the Spearin doctrine, this legal case serves as a safe harbor for contractors by implying a warranty from the design documents provided by the owner. This doctrine suggests that if the contractor follows design documents provided to them, there is no liability for performance failures or defects in the construction arising from the design.  \nUnder traditional construction contracting paradigms, the construction trades are required to follow the contract documents, which commonly include 2D drawings and specifications. However, the design and construction industry has recently undergone a significant shift away from the use of twodimensional CAD and paper drawings for three-dimensional, semantically rich, digital models.  \n© 2012 enclos 115  \nPhantom Modeling in BIM  \nIn contrast to exchange plans — via drawing files like dxf ordwg — the IFC exchange is strictly model based ; a wall isnot a set of lines but an object with specified attributes and relations.  \nThis trend has reached a point where this technology, generally referred to as Building Information Modeling (BIM), is being used by the majority of the industry. Additionally, the push for the 3D model to be used as a contract document — binding parties to the same extent as drawings or specifications always have — is currently increasing.  \nIn a BIM design, the designer can select pre-programmed objects embedded with information about all of its relevant characteristics, not just its shape. Moreover, software such as Revit allows any change in plan view to automatically update any section affected by the change. In Tekla Structures, changes in dimension or geometry automatically update details and related documents.  \nThe gap that exists today arises from each stakeholder maintaining his or her own  \n3D model. When an architect or engineer releases updates or addendums to the design documents (for example, if a column is removed to create a larger bay from one of the models), the architect releases a new set of drawings, making contractors and sub contractors responsible for manual reconciliation and model synchronization. Manual changes in the drawing sheets and re-detailing the connections increase the likelihood of human errors, with potential to “break” the existing model. As projects grow and file structures get more complex, this style of coordination also becomes increasingly complex, making traditional project management methods ineffective when exchanges need to be processed rapidly and accurately.  \nThis paper provides preliminary ideas for how to use BIM/Industry Foundation Class IFC 2x3 and/or XML based IFC file exchanges to bridge the gap by creating phantom links between an architect’s model and user’s 3D phantom model, which will update all rapid changes without human-error; thus creating“phantom modeling”.  \nOBJECTIVE OF THE IFC  \nEfforts throughout the past decade have been directed at using a central repository or model server that acts as a base for interoperability between various architecture, engineer and construction disciplines and their software applications. Recently an inte","cbCaiswRg7v2iBgy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiswRg7v2iBgy","pdf",323375,"English","# Introduction\n# Objective of the IFC\n# Architecture of the IFC\n## Resource Layer\n## Core Layer\n## Interoperability Layer","[{\"question\":\"What problem does Phantom Modeling in BIM address?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses coordination gaps when each stakeholder maintains a separate 3D model, forcing manual reconciliation of updates and increasing the risk of human error and broken models.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is IFC important for BIM interoperability?\",\"answer\":\"IFC is an international standard that provides a specification of a shared data model, enabling interoperability between building information systems and increasing transparency of changes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the IFC Model architecture organize information?\",\"answer\":\"The IFC Model uses four layers following a “gravitation” concept, where elements can refer only to entities in the same or a lower layer, including a Resource Layer, Core Layer, and Interoperability Layer.\"}]","Phantom Modeling in BIM - Chapter 12 - Introduction | PDF"]