[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-331572-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-331572-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","personalized-nanovaccines-for-treating-solid-cancer-metastases","Personalized nanovaccines for treating solid cancer metastases","","Cancer vaccines are explored as a promising option for treating cancer metastases, yet clinical response rates remain under 30%. Nanoparticle formulations can stabilize vaccines and enhance antigen recognition and presentation, enabling improved tumor penetration, drug accumulation in secondary lymphatic systems, and flexible antigen or adjuvant delivery. Nanovaccine-like nanomedicines may eliminate primary tumors and prevent or clear metastatic disease. This review evaluates advanced nanocarriers for delivering tumor vaccines to metastases, describes key physical and pharmacological properties that boost anti-metastasis performance, and discusses combinations with cancer immunotherapy across metastatic cascade steps, integrating preclinical and clinical evidence while critically addressing translation challenges and frameworks.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/personalized-nanovaccines-for-treating-solid-cancer-metastases/331572/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/personalized-nanovaccines-for-treating-solid-cancer-metastases/331572.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Evangeline","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why are cancer vaccines difficult for treating metastases clinically?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Despite interest in cancer vaccines, clinical response rates remain below 30% for metastatic settings. Limited efficacy is associated with constraints imposed by metastatic biology and the tumor microenvironment.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How do nanoparticle-based nanovaccines improve vaccine performance against metastases?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Nanoparticles can stabilize vaccines and enhance antigen recognition and presentation, supporting stronger tumor penetration or accumulation. They also enable effective distribution to secondary lymphatic systems and allow adaptable antigen or adjuvant administration.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What does the review cover regarding nanocarriers and treatment strategies?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The review examines state-of-the-art nanocarriers designed to deliver tumor vaccines to metastases, including synthetic, semi-biogenic, and biogenic nanosystems. 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Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2024) 17:115 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-024-01628-4](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-024-01628-4)  \nJournal of Hematology & Oncology  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nPersonalized nanovaccines for treating solid cancer metastases  \nTang Feng1,2†, Jia Hu1,3†, Jirui Wen4, Zhiyong Qian5, Guowei Che3, Qinghua Zhou3 and Lingling Zhu1,3*  \nAbstract  \nCancer vaccines have garnered attention as a potential treatment for cancer metastases. Nevertheless, the clinical response rate to vaccines remains \u003C 30% . Nanoparticles stabilize vaccines and improve antigen recognition and presentation, resulting in high tumor penetration or accumulation, effective co-distribution of drugs to the secondary lymphatic system, and adaptable antigen or adjuvant administration. Such vaccine-like nanomedicines have the ability to eradicate the primary tumors as well as to prevent or eliminate metastases. This review examines state-of-theart nanocarriers developed to deliver tumor vaccines to metastases, including synthetic, semi-biogenic, and biogenic nanosystems. Moreover, it highlights the physical and pharmacological properties that enhance their anti-metastasis efficiency. This review also addresses the combination of nanovaccines with cancer immunotherapy to target various steps in the metastatic cascade, drawing insights from preclinical and clinical studies. The review concludes with a critical analysis of the challenges and frameworks linked to the clinical translation of cancer nanovaccines. Keywords Cancer vaccine, Clinical translation, Metastasis, Nanoparticle, Tumor  \nIntroduction should effectively remove primary tumors as well as  \nOwing to the high risk of metastasis, cancer continues tobe the most malignant illness globally, despite enormous advancements in therapy and diagnostics [1] Specifically, metastases are the leading causes of cancer and mortality in patients with cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of cancer-associated fatalities [2, 3]. An efficient and highly specific anti-metastatic therapeutic strategy  \n†Tang Feng, Jia Hu have contributed equally to this work.  \n*Correspondence:  \nLingling Zhu [zhulingling8262023@126.com](zhulingling8262023@126.com)  \n1 Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China  \n2 Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China  \n3 Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China  \n4 Deep Underground Space Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China  \n5 Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China  \ninduce systemic immunity to inhibit distant metastases [4]. Tumor metastasis reprograms distant organ microenvironments systemically, impacting immune cell function or phenotypes [5]. Environmental regulation throughout the metastatic cascade can enhance tumor cell dissemination [6]. Therefore, eliminating metastatic tumors requires systemic immune activation and long-term immune memory. However, metastatic tumors are characterized by their immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), thus limiting the efficacy of systemic anti-tumor immune responses for the majority of patients [7–9]. Nonetheless, metastatic cells outside of the immunosuppressive TME are more vulnerable to immune elimination, providing a therapeutic opportunity to utilize immune cells in the metastatic cascade [10]. Immunotherapy is considered optimal for treating metastasis because it functions by boosting the immune response of the body and selectively countering the inherently immunosuppressive effects of the TME. Rather than directly combating metastatic tumor cells such as in traditional therapies, immunotherapy  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creati","cbCaivOxtnE3Hg0m","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivOxtnE3Hg0m","pdf",2467346,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Personalized nanovaccines for metastasis treatment","[{\"question\":\"Why are cancer vaccines difficult for treating metastases clinically?\",\"answer\":\"Despite interest in cancer vaccines, clinical response rates remain below 30% for metastatic settings. Limited efficacy is associated with constraints imposed by metastatic biology and the tumor microenvironment.\"},{\"question\":\"How do nanoparticle-based nanovaccines improve vaccine performance against metastases?\",\"answer\":\"Nanoparticles can stabilize vaccines and enhance antigen recognition and presentation, supporting stronger tumor penetration or accumulation. They also enable effective distribution to secondary lymphatic systems and allow adaptable antigen or adjuvant administration.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review cover regarding nanocarriers and treatment strategies?\",\"answer\":\"The review examines state-of-the-art nanocarriers designed to deliver tumor vaccines to metastases, including synthetic, semi-biogenic, and biogenic nanosystems. It also discusses physical and pharmacological features that improve anti-metastasis efficiency, and the rationale for combining nanovaccines with cancer immunotherapy across metastatic cascade steps.\"}]","Personalized nanovaccines for treating solid cancer metastases | PDF",1789994059,126]