[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-460960-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-460960-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","personalized-medicine-and-health-equity-overcoming-cost-barriers-and-ethical-challenges","Personalized medicine and health equity: overcoming cost barriers and ethical challenges","","Personalized medicine (PM) tailors healthcare interventions to individual biological profiles and is increasingly supported by rapid advances in digital health technologies. This work evaluates PM’s potential to improve care while addressing how cost barriers and ethical dilemmas obstruct equitable adoption. It emphasizes that reliance on advanced technologies, high-quality datasets, and specialized expertise may deepen disparities in access, especially in low- and middle-income countries. 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International Journal for Equity in Health (2026) 25:4  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-025-02710-0](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-025-02710-0)  \nInternational Journal for Equity in Health  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nPersonalized medicine and health equity: overcoming cost barriers and ethical challenges  \nKishi Kobe Yee Francisco 1,2†, Andrane Estelle Carnicer Apuhin 1,2†, Nicholle Mae Amor Tan Maravilla3, Mickael Cavanaugh Byers4, Hezerul Abdul Karim5*, Myles Joshua Toledo Tan 1,2,3,4,6* and Nouar AlDahoul7*  \nAbstract  \nPersonalized medicine (PM), which aims to tailor healthcare interventions to individual biological profiles, has emerged as a transformative approach in modern medicine. The rapid advancement of digital health technologies is playing an increasingly vital role in enabling this precision-driven model of care. This paper examines the potential of PM to transform healthcare and its implications for health equity, focusing on the cost barriers and ethical dilemmas that hinder its equitable implementation. It argues that while PM holds promise for revolutionizing treatment strategies by tailoring interventions to individual characteristics, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly central to achieving this goal. However, the reliance on advanced technologies, robust datasets, and specialized expertise can exacerbate existing disparities in healthcare access, particularly in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) . The paper discusses the ethical considerations related to unequal access to PM, drawing on ethical theories to examine how these disparities might widen health inequities. It also explores innovative solutions and global health initiatives aimed at improving access, which may help align the benefits of PM with the goal of health equity.  \nKeywords Health equity, Machine learning, Personalized medicine, Precision medicine, Transdisciplinary collaboration  \n†Kishi Kobe Yee Francisco and Andrane Estelle Carnicer Apuhin contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.  \n*Correspondence: Hezerul Abdul Karim [hezerul@mmu.edu. my](hezerul@mmu.edu. my)[ ](hezerul@mmu.edu. my)Myles Joshua Toledo Tan  \n[MylesJoshua.Tan@medicine.ufl.edu](MylesJoshua.Tan@medicine.ufl.edu)[ ](MylesJoshua.Tan@medicine.ufl.edu)Nouar AlDahoul [nouar.aldahoul@nyu.edu](nouar.aldahoul@nyu.edu)  \n1Biology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City, Negros Occidental, Philippines  \n2Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City, Negros Occidental, Philippines  \n3Yo-Vivo Corporation, Bacolod City, Negros Occidental, Philippines 4Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 5Centre for Image and Vision Computing, Centre of Excellence for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia  \n6Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health & Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA  \n7Department of Computer Science, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Marina District, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indi","cbCaiqO2Er4uP0Ji","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqO2Er4uP0Ji","pdf",1591094,"English","# Introduction\n## The promise and challenge of personalized medicine","[{\"question\":\"What is personalized medicine (PM) and how does it differ from precision medicine?\",\"answer\":\"Personalized medicine integrates genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors along with personal preferences to tailor care to an individual. Precision medicine focuses more narrowly on using biological or genetic information from specific subgroups to guide decisions.\"},{\"question\":\"Why can cost barriers affect health equity in personalized medicine?\",\"answer\":\"Implementing PM requires significant financial and technological investment. Dependence on advanced technologies, robust datasets, and specialized expertise can worsen existing disparities in access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.\"},{\"question\":\"What ethical issues does the paper address regarding PM access?\",\"answer\":\"The paper discusses ethical considerations stemming from unequal access to PM and uses ethical theories to examine how these disparities may widen health inequities. It also reviews innovative solutions and global health initiatives to improve access.\"}]","Personalized medicine and health equity: overcoming cost barriers and ethical challenges | PDF",1790760178,48]