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Phase 1 trials dominated, representing over 90% of studies, with substantial activity in the United States and China.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},371129,1790343495,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":107,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},687212988360,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology  \nREVIEW   \nPersonalized Cancer Vaccines in the Clinical Trial Pipeline  \nLiudmila Iamukova1   Elena Alferova2  \n1 School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA  2 Clinical Trial Office, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA  \nCorrespondence: Liudmila Iamukova ([liamukova@ucsd.edu](liamukova@ucsd.edu))  \nReceived: 22 February 2025  Accepted: 13 August 2025  \nFunding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.  \nKeywords: clinical trials | dendritic cell vaccine | neoantigen cancer vaccine | peptide vaccine | personalized cancer vaccine  \nABSTRACT  \nAim: To present an overview of personalized cancer vaccines currently undergoing clinical development, aiming to enhance awareness and promote collaboration among academic, commercial researchers, and non-profit communities.  \nMethods: A dataset of 78 clinical trials for personalized cancer vaccines was generated using ClinicalTrials.gov database as of November 25, 2024 . We conducted an analysis of the studies based on sponsors, conditions, phases, types of vaccines, and global geographic distribution.  \nResults: The majority of trials focused on peptide vaccines (40%) and dendritic cell vaccine (19%), targeting solid tumors, brain, pancreatic and breast cancers, among others. Phase 1 trials dominated the landscape, accounting for over 90% of studies, with significant activity in the United States (44%) and China (24%) . Industry sponsors backed 22% of studies. Active trials represented 72% of the dataset, reflecting ongoing research efforts in this field. Enrollment sizes varied widely, ranging from small exploratory cohorts of fewer than 10 participants to larger-scale trials enrolling up to 700 patients. Completed clinical trials evaluating personalized neoantigen vaccines across various cancer types showed that vaccines were generally welltolerated, elicited strong T-cell responses, and resulted in promising clinical outcomes such as tumor shrinkage or prolonged progression-free survival, particularly in melanoma, glioblastoma, and urothelial cancer, although no universal cure was demonstrated.  \nConclusions: There is a broad early-stage pipeline of personalized cancer vaccines currently being tested in clinical trials for various cancer types.  \n1  Introduction  \nThe development of personalized cancer vaccines, tailored to a patient’s tumor antigens, has emerged as a promising strategy in targeted cancer immunotherapy [1] . Unlike traditional therapies, personalized vaccines target tumor-specific mutations in individual patients, offering the potential for improved efficacy and reduced off-target effects [2] .  \nIn recent years, the development of personalized cancer vaccines has gained significant momentum, with numerous clinical trials exploring diverse vaccine platforms, including peptide-based, RNA-based, DNA-based, and dendritic cell-based approaches. This article provides an overview of the current clinical trial landscape for personalized cancer vaccines, highlighting trends, geographic distribution, sponsors, and vaccine platforms, as captured in the ClinicalTrials.gov database.  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.  \n© 2025 The Author(s). Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.  \nAsia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2026; 22:362–368 362 of 368  \n[https://doi.org/10.1111/ajco.70006](https://doi.org/10.1111/ajco.70006)  \n2  Materials and Methods  \nClinical trial data were downloaded [from ClinicalTrials.gov](from ClinicalTrials.gov) on November 25, 2024, using the following search criteria:  \n∙ Condition: Cancer  \n∙ Intervention/treatment:","cbCaipC4jC78gDur","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipC4jC78gDur","pdf",413414,"English","# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods","[{\"question\":\"What is the primary goal of this review on personalized cancer vaccines?\",\"answer\":\"To present an overview of personalized cancer vaccines currently in clinical development, increasing awareness and encouraging collaboration among academic, commercial, and non-profit groups.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the clinical-trial dataset constructed for the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"A dataset of 78 personalized cancer vaccine trials was generated from ClinicalTrials.gov as of November 25, 2024, and then analyzed by sponsors, conditions, phases, vaccine types, and geographic distribution.\"},{\"question\":\"Which personalized vaccine types and trial phases dominated the clinical pipeline?\",\"answer\":\"Peptide vaccines (40%) and dendritic cell vaccines (19%) were most common. Phase 1 trials dominated, representing over 90% of studies, with substantial activity in the United States and China.\"}]","Personalized Cancer Vaccines in the Clinical Trial Pipeline | PDF",1790191317,18]