[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-595846-105":59,"doc-detail-595846-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","personal-attributes-contributing-to-computer-anxiety-and-computer-self-efficacy-among-distance-learners","Personal Attributes Contributing to Computer Anxiety and Computer Self-efficacy among Distance Learners","","Internet-based distance learning makes learners’ progress depend on personal characteristics, so this study examines which attributes of distance learners contribute to computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy. Five hundred distance learners completed the Computer Anxiety Rating Scale and the Computer Self-Efficacy Scale with a personal variables form. Results show computer anxiety negatively relates to computer self-efficacy. Female and older learners report higher anxiety and lower self-efficacy. Regression indicates effects of work experience, computer handling experience, and hours spent on computer work, informing better-fit learning environments.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/personal-attributes-contributing-to-computer-anxiety-and-computer-self-efficacy-among-distance-learners/595846/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/personal-attributes-contributing-to-computer-anxiety-and-computer-self-efficacy-among-distance-learners/595846.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the study on distance learners?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To investigate personal attributes that may contribute to distance learners’ levels of computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How are computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy related?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Computer anxiety is negatively associated with computer self-efficacy.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which factors predict computer anxiety and self-efficacy in the study?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Work experience, computer handling experience, and the total number of hours spent on computer work are used in the regression to predict computer anxiety and self-efficacy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595846,1792165818,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},5909892330395,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Personal Attributes Contributing to Computer Anxiety and Computer Self-efficacy among Distance Learners  \nSarwat Sultan * and Frasat Kanwal**  \nAbstract  \nIn distance learning, an internet-based learning has been developed as a learning platform for courses, and a distance learner’s acquisition depends on his/her personal characteristics. Thus the present study was planned to investigate personal attributes of distance learners that may contribute to their levels of computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy. Five hundred distance learners completed Computer Anxiety Rating Scale and Computer Self-Efficacy Scale along with a personal variables sheet. Results indicated that (1) Computer anxiety is negatively associated with computer self-efficacy; (2) Female and older distance learners reported high computer anxiety and low self-efficacy; and (3)Computer anxiety and selfefficacy regressed upon work experience, computer handling experience, and total number of hours expended for computer work. Identifying these factors may help in designing and implementing learning environments that may better fit the students’ needs at distance learning institutes. Though the findings have implications for educational setup, the study should be replicated with mixed-method to analyze the qualitative data as well.  \nKeywords: Computer anxiety, computer self-efficacy, distance learners, personality traits, computer experience  \n*Associate Professor & Chairperson, Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University  \nMultan, Pakistan. Eamil: [sarwatsultan@hotmail.com](sarwatsultan@hotmail.com)  \n** Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan  \nIntroduction  \nRapid growth and advancement in the technology of computer usage has necessitated its application in modern teaching strategies. Innovative educationists are of the view that if we want to prepare human resource to meet the challenges of 1st century in the work place then learning process has to be integrated with the use of most modern computer technology (Butzin, 2000; Hopson, Simms, & Knezek, 2002; Reiser, 2001) .  \nWith advancement of communication technologies and a change in the shift of learning paradigm, distance learning has been assumed special significance in the postmodern age. Now use of lap top and internet has been widely used for synchronous activities. This has definitely facilitated to overcome the limitations of traditional distance learning. At present in distance learning institutions throughout the world most of the courses have been structured as internet based. Now there is adire need to encourage and familiarized students with the most modern computer technology in the learning process.  \nDespite the increasing role of computer in higher education, researchers have investigated and pointed out some factors such as attitude towards computer, higher self-efficacy and low anxiety in using computer as significant psychological factors in making the people comfortable with the use of computer skills (Busch, 1995) . Huang and Kinshuk (2013) addressed the main issues concerned with the trend and future development of learning processes, innovative pedagogies changes, effects of new technologies on education, future learning content. They found that learning technology has been affected by advances in technology development and changes in the field of education. DeLoughry (1993) also provided the statistics that 33% US students suffer from technophobia. However, researcher recommended the factors that may help in using the modern technology in higher education.  \nModern technology at times can have certain negative side effects like negative attitudes towards the use of computers and sometimes a person can experience severe tension even before their encounter with computers. Negative emotional states like aggression, high anxiety, tension, and frustration can adversely affect the interaction with the comput","cbCaimkgQi12Qx0c","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimkgQi12Qx0c","pdf",112913,12,"English","# Introduction\n# Background and Rationale\n## Technology in teaching and distance learning\n## Computer anxiety and self-efficacy\n## Self-efficacy and learning computer skills","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the study on distance learners?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate personal attributes that may contribute to distance learners’ levels of computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy.\"},{\"question\":\"How are computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy related?\",\"answer\":\"Computer anxiety is negatively associated with computer self-efficacy.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors predict computer anxiety and self-efficacy in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Work experience, computer handling experience, and the total number of hours spent on computer work are used in the regression to predict computer anxiety and self-efficacy.\"}]","Personal Attributes Contributing to Computer Anxiety and Computer Self-efficacy among Distance Learners | PDF",1792081976]