[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-123367-en":3,"doc-seo-123367-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":11,"language":21,"language_code":22,"site_id":23,"html_lang":22,"table_of_contents":24,"faqs":25,"seo_title":26,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},123367,962075114765,"Quinn","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks for Highway Scenarios","Study evaluates three VANET routing protocols—AODV, DSR, and DSDV—using NS-2, measuring throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and normalized routing overhead under highway scenarios. Simulation varies vehicle speeds and node densities to reflect realistic mobility and traffic conditions. Results show DSR achieves higher PDR, throughput, and routing overhead as density grows, while DSDV improves packet delivery and throughput with lower delay at higher mobility. Findings support protocol selection based on deployment factors and motivate future work on hybrid routing schemes for improved stability and efficiency.","2024 IEEE International Conference on Big Data & Machine Learning (ICBDML) | 979-8-3503-74 10-0/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10. 1 109/ICBDML60909.2024. 10577327  \nPerformance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks for Highway  \nScenarios  \nFares A. Dael  \nManagement Information Systems İzmir Bakırçay University line 4: City, Country İzmir, Turkey 0000-0002-4546-8382  \nMohammed A. Amran Network & Switching Engineer TeleYemen Sana’a, Yemen [m.amran@teleyemen.com.ye](m.amran@teleyemen.com.ye)  \nLeila Rzayevadept. Intelligent Systems and Cybersecurity, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan [l.rzayeva@astanait.edu.kz](l.rzayeva@astanait.edu.kz)  \nIbraheem Shayea Electronic and Communication Engineering  \nIstanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey[shayea@itu.edu.tr](shayea@itu.edu.tr)  \nAbstract—This study assesses the efficacy of three routing protocols, namely Ad-hoc on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Direct Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) utilizing the Network Simulator-2 (NS-2). The research evaluates the impact of different speeds and node densities on network efficiency in highway settings that simulate real-world scenarios. This assessment focuses on throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and normalized routing overhead. The simulation findings demonstrate that DSR outperforms in terms of PDR, throughput, and routing overhead as the node density increases. On the other hand, DSDV performs exceptionally well in offering greater packet delivery ratios and throughput, with reduced delays, as mobility increases. These findings emphasize the need to select the appropriate routing protocol for VANETs, considering specific deployment factors such as node density and mobility. The study not only enhances comprehension of the strengths and weaknesses of AODV, DSR, and DSDV in VANETs but also guides network designersand researchers to optimize protocol performance for enhanced network stability and efficiency. Potential areas for future research include investigating the implementation of hybrid protocols to optimize the performance of VANETs.  \nKeywords— Performance; Analysis; Ad Hoc Network; AODV; DSR; DSDV; NS2  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nEach vehicle is treated as a node in a Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET), a subset of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) designed to improve transportation safety, reliability, security, casualty reduction, and productivity using existing technologies. An Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) application is a form of two-way communication between vehicles, Vehicle 2 Vehicle (V2V), or between vehicles and roadside infrastructure (V2I) [1] . Vehicle-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure  \ncommunications are both possible in a VANET. Many applications, including safety applications and others, can now be implemented[2], [3] . In addition, it is a crucial piece of equipment for delivering essential public services like traffic updates and weather forecasts. Safety features include warnings and alerts before a collision occurs, reducing traffic, taking the quickest route possible, and optimizing intersections [4], [5], [6].  \nProactive and reactive routing protocols are the two main varieties of routing used in VANETs. However, there is a limitation in previous VANET studies because they mainly used one approach. As a result, research into ad hoc routing techniques is required to determine which routing protocols work best in various VANET settings [5] .  \nThe goals of this paper are to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art and research challenges in the field of VANET, to investigate the pros and cons of various routing protocols for proactive and reactive ad hoc routing methods, and to analyze the impact of speed and node density on performance indicators like throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and normalized routing overhead [3], [4] .  \nThe resea","cbCaieaB0vqc0P3b","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieaB0vqc0P3b","pdf",4454667,1,"English","en",105,"# I. Introduction\n## Performance evaluation contributions\n## Routing protocol categories in VANETs","[{\"question\":\"Which routing protocols are evaluated, and what simulation tool is used?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluates AODV, DSR, and DSDV using NS-2 simulations in VANET highway scenarios.\"},{\"question\":\"How do node density and speed affect protocol performance?\",\"answer\":\"Increasing node density favors DSR in terms of PDR, throughput, and routing overhead, while higher mobility benefits DSDV with improved PDR and throughput and reduced delay.\"},{\"question\":\"What performance metrics are used to compare the routing protocols?\",\"answer\":\"Throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and normalized routing overhead are used as the primary evaluation metrics.\"}]","Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks for Highway Scenarios | PDF",1785816147,20,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":23,"language":22,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":27},"performance-evaluation-of-routing-protocols-in-vehicular-ad-hoc-networks-for-highway-scenarios","",{"@graph":35,"@context":85},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/performance-evaluation-of-routing-protocols-in-vehicular-ad-hoc-networks-for-highway-scenarios/123367/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":22,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05","2026-08-04",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Which routing protocols are evaluated, and what simulation tool is used?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The study evaluates AODV, DSR, and DSDV using NS-2 simulations in VANET highway scenarios.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How do node density and speed affect protocol performance?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Increasing node density favors DSR in terms of PDR, throughput, and routing overhead, while higher mobility benefits DSDV with improved PDR and throughput and reduced delay.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What performance metrics are used to compare the routing protocols?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and normalized routing overhead are used as the primary evaluation metrics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":23},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":28,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality","religion-spirituality",{"id":28,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":28,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]