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A sample of 267 students from public sector institutions participated. A self-developed, validated instrument containing 32 statements measured perceptions on a five-point Likert scale. Mean, standard deviation, independent-sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA analyzed responses. Findings highlight poverty, foreign interference, misinterpretation of Islamic preaching, and social injustice as key drivers, and indicate that drone attacks near border areas and air-supported access to foreign armies are also viewed as major factors.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/perceptions-of-university-students-about-causes-of-terrorism/595809/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/perceptions-of-university-students-about-causes-of-terrorism/595809.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the study’s main purpose?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To identify the causes of terrorism based on the perceptions of university students enrolled in teacher training institutions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were students’ perceptions measured?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Using a self-developed and validated instrument with 32 statements, rated on a five-point Likert scale.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which factors did students most strongly associate with terrorism?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Poverty, foreign interference, wrong interpretation of Islamic preaching, and social injustice were identified as the main causes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595809,1792899612,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},5909892330395,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Perceptions of University Students about Causes of Terrorism  \nSaghir Ahmad *, Misbah Malik** and Ayesha Batool***  \nAbstract  \nThe key purpose of this study was to find out the causes of terrorism through the perceptions of university students enrolled in teacher training institutions. This study was quantitative in nature. A sample of two hundred and sixty seven students was selected from public sector teacher training institutions. A self-developed and validated instrument was used to identify students’ perceptions about the causes of terrorism which consisted of thirty two statements. Responses were obtained on five point Likert type scale. Mean, Standard deviation, independent sample t-test, and One Way ANOVA were applied to analyze the data. The major findings of the study indicated that students perceived poverty, foreign interference, wrong interpretation of Islamic preaching, and social injustice as the main causes of terrorism. It is also found that most of the participants think that drone attacks on the border areas of neighboring country, from the air basis provided to foreign army, are the major causes of terrorists’ activities. On the basis of these findings it is recommended that, as education is a key medium to create awareness about the causes of terrorism. There is an urgent need to educate the people and specially youngsters to play their role in establishing peace in the region.  \nKeywords: Students, Causes of Terrorism, Teacher Training Institution, Social Injustice  \n* PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore  \nEmail: [saghir.edu786@gmail.com](saghir.edu786@gmail.com)  \n** Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore  \n*** PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore  \nEmail: [ayeshabatoolrana@gmail.com](ayeshabatoolrana@gmail.com)  \nIntroduction  \nTerror originated from a Latin word which signifies \"to panic\". Terror is a demonstration of brutality against innocents. The terrorists do not accept the territory boundaries and government rules and laws of the country. In simple words, terror is peak consternation (Zalman, 2007). In general “Terrorism” is the phenomenon in which horrible circumstances are created by an individual or a group of individuals. Neither scholastic community nor global groups have legitimate consensus with respect to the meaning of the expression\"terrorism\".  \nTerrorism is the dangerous manifestations by some individual/s. various kinds of conflicts arose in the minds of people and they plan to take revenge through various brutal practices. These practices create vulnerability, dissatisfaction, socio-political instability and extremism. It is not like a war but is a sort of enormous attack that is hidden and is difficult to unravel (Chitkara, 2003; Paul & Brahma, 1988; Rana, 2003) . According to Rana (2005) terrorism is a sort of brutality or a danger intended to make an environment of dread, and triggers a message to begin war or to create social or political instability.  \nThe extremist activities have nearly covered the whole world, the cruel political clash/amusement is determined as the real cause of this violence. The world is in the state of cold war which is a result of various socio-political variables. The rationale behind this contention is that if these profoundly established clashes were settled, extremism would vanish (Ahmed, 2009) .  \nThe brutal political conduct motivates fear based domination. There are mainly two kinds of reasons. One is the likelihood to feel abused by the West. And the other is weak borders management and portability of people. The relationship is more intricate than one may imagine at first look (Hudson, 2002).  \nAbbas (2008) surveyed the historical backdrop of terrorism and found that since its inception of our country, different groups on the basis of patriotism, provincial power, religious authoritative opinion and p","cbCaic64apRwSlQe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic64apRwSlQe","pdf",158632,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Definitions and background of terrorism\n## Drivers discussed in the study\n## Poverty, inequality, and social injustice\n## Foreign interference and policy constraints","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main purpose?\",\"answer\":\"To identify the causes of terrorism based on the perceptions of university students enrolled in teacher training institutions.\"},{\"question\":\"How were students’ perceptions measured?\",\"answer\":\"Using a self-developed and validated instrument with 32 statements, rated on a five-point Likert scale.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors did students most strongly associate with terrorism?\",\"answer\":\"Poverty, foreign interference, wrong interpretation of Islamic preaching, and social injustice were identified as the main causes.\"}]","Perceptions of University Students about Causes of Terrorism | PDF",1792081906,33]