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Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), an odd-chain saturated fatty acid mainly found in dairy fat, has been linked to cardiometabolic benefits. This narrative review summarizes recent progress on how pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) influences CVD biology and risk, highlights knowledge gaps, and proposes future research priorities. Evidence is synthesized from about 115 PubMed-indexed studies on odd-chain fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes plus mechanistic studies identified via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2000 to May 2025.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/pentadecanoic-acid-c150-and-cardiovascular-disease-a-narrative-review/406218/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/pentadecanoic-acid-c150-and-cardiovascular-disease-a-narrative-review/406218.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and why is it discussed in CVD research?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) is an odd-chain saturated fatty acid primarily obtained from dairy fat. It has been associated with cardiometabolic benefits and potential cardioprotective effects in the context of cardiovascular disease risk.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How did the narrative review gather evidence for C15:0 and cardiovascular outcomes?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review synthesized evidence from approximately 115 PubMed-indexed studies on odd-chain fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes, plus illustrative mechanistic studies of C15:0. The studies were identified through targeted searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2000 through May 2025.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What biological mechanisms are highlighted as possibly involved in C15:0’s cardiometabolic effects?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Mechanistic findings described include activation of PPAR alpha and delta and AMP-activated protein kinase, reductions in LDL cholesterol and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, improved insulin sensitivity, and support for mitochondrial-endothelial function.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},406218,1790658801,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},549768702563,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083","| W | J | C | World Journal of\u003Cbr>Cardiology |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\nSubmit a Manuscript: [https://www.f6publishing.com](https://www.f6publishing.com) World J Cardiol 2025 December 26; 17(12): 110861  \nDOI: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i12.110861 ISSN 1949-8462 (online)  \nREVIEW  \nPentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review  \nJoseph Mercola  \nSpecialty type: Cardiac and cardiovascular systems  \nProvenance and peer review:  \nUnsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed.  \nPeer-review model: Single blind  \nPeer-review report’s classification Scientific Quality: Grade A  \nNovelty: Grade A  \nCreativity or Innovation: Grade A  \nScientific Significance: Grade A  \nP-Reviewer: Roaquin L, Professor, Philippines  \nReceived: June 17, 2025  \nRevised: July 17, 2025  \nAccepted: November 3, 2025  \nPublished online: December 26, 2025  \nProcessing time: 190 Days and 13.6 Hours  \nJoseph Mercola, Independent Researcher, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States  \nCorresponding author: Joseph Mercola, Researcher, Independent Researcher, Midwestern University, 555 31st St, Downers Grove, IL 60515, [United States.](United States. drm@mercola.com)[ drm@mercola.com](United States. drm@mercola.com)  \nAbstract  \nCardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide despite major advances in prevention and treatment. The odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), primarily obtained from dairy fat, has been associated with cardiometabolic benefits. To summarize recent advances in understanding the role of pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) in CVD biology and risk, and to identify knowledge gaps and future research priorities. A narrative review was conducted, drawing on 115 PubMed-indexed studies on odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs) and cardiovascular outcomes, as well as illustrative mechanistic studies of C15:0 . This narrative review synthesized evidence from approximately 115 PubMed-indexed studies on OCFAs and cardiovascular outcomes, along with mechanistic studies of C15:0, identified through targeted searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2000 through May 2025.  \nKey Words: Pentadecanoic acid; Cardiovascular disease; Odd-chain saturated fatty acids; Cardiometabolic health; Inflammation; Insulin sensitivity; Mitochondrial function; Dairy fat  \n©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.  \n WJC  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 1 December 26, 2025  Volume 17  Issue 12   \nMercola J. C15:0 and cardiovascular disease review  \nCore Tip: Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), an odd-chain saturated fat concentrated in grass-fed dairy, is increasingly recognized as a “good” saturated fat with cardioprotective potential. Prospective cohorts and a recent meta-analysis show that individuals in the highest C15:0 quintile experience 12%-25% fewer cardiovascular events and approximately 14% less incident type 2 diabetes. Mechanistic studies reveal that C15:0 activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta and AMP-activated protein kinase, lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α-driven inflammation, enhances insulin sensitivity, and repairs mitochondrial-endothelial function-findings that prompt calls to test dietary or supplemental C15:0 in randomized trials and to rethink blanket saturated-fat limits.  \nCitation: Mercola J. Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review. World J Cardiol 2025; 17(12): 110861  \nURL: [https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v17/i12/110861.htm](https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v17/i12/110861.htm)  \nDOI: [https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v17.i12.110861](https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v17.i12.110861)  \nCardiovascular disease (CVD) encompasses a range of heart and vascular conditions and has been the leading cause of death in the United States since 1921. By the mid-20th century, coronary heart dis","cbCaieggosaZzqNS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieggosaZzqNS","pdf",1332813,"English","# Core Tip\n## Overview and evidence summary\n# Abstract\n## Purpose and scope\n## Methods and evidence base\n# Key Concepts and Background\n## CVD burden and prevention context\n## Saturated fat and evolving evidence\n## Odd-chain vs even-chain fatty acids","[{\"question\":\"What is pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and why is it discussed in CVD research?\",\"answer\":\"Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) is an odd-chain saturated fatty acid primarily obtained from dairy fat. It has been associated with cardiometabolic benefits and potential cardioprotective effects in the context of cardiovascular disease risk.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the narrative review gather evidence for C15:0 and cardiovascular outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The review synthesized evidence from approximately 115 PubMed-indexed studies on odd-chain fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes, plus illustrative mechanistic studies of C15:0. The studies were identified through targeted searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2000 through May 2025.\"},{\"question\":\"What biological mechanisms are highlighted as possibly involved in C15:0’s cardiometabolic effects?\",\"answer\":\"Mechanistic findings described include activation of PPAR alpha and delta and AMP-activated protein kinase, reductions in LDL cholesterol and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, improved insulin sensitivity, and support for mitochondrial-endothelial function.\"}]","Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and cardiovascular disease - A narrative review | PDF",1790564242,48]