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It also notes that time to treatment and treatment escalation correlate with outcomes in many patients.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How does the review distinguish autoimmune neurologic syndromes in children?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"It differentiates conditions that can be diagnosed using antibody biomarkers from those requiring clinical diagnostic criteria. It also notes that a subset of children may be labeled seronegative and need evaluation for other inflammatory or monogenetic causes while treating CNS inflammation.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What characterizes autoimmune encephalitis syndromes in pediatric patients?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"They are characterized by impaired alertness, often with seizures, movement disorders, and psychiatric features, with or without focal neurologic deficits. 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Some neuroinflammatory syndromes can be diagnosed with an antibody biomarker (eg, aquaporin-4 antibodies,  \nN-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA] receptor antibodies), whereas others require clinical diagnostic criteria (eg, multiple sclerosis, opsoclonusmyoclonus syndrome). A proportion of children will be labeled asseronegative, and further investigations for other inflammatory or monogenetic etiologies need to be carried out in parallel with treating the central nervous system inflammation. Time to treatment and treatment escalation were shown to correlate with outcomes in many patients with these disorders. The choice and duration of treatment should be evaluated considering side effects and risks in the short and long terms. The presence of a highly inflammatory disease process in children supports the use of highly effective disease-modifying therapies in pediatrics.  \nESSENTIAL POINTS: The phenotypes of pediatric autoimmune neurologic conditions may change across different age groups, as the brain is still actively developing. In general, the presentation in children is more inflammatory, but overall disability is lower, likely because of better neuroplasticity and repair. Convincing evidence has increasingly emerged to support the biological rationale that effective immunosuppressive therapies used in adult neuroimmunology are equally effective in children.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nN  \neuroimmune conditions typically manifest in previously healthy, normally developing children and adolescents. The onset of neurologic deficits is abrupt, although a prodrome may precede the onset of symptoms. These neurologic syndromes have been clinically phenotyped and result from both the target central  \nnervous system (CNS) region affected and the type of immune response. The specific disorders can be categorized into (1) monophasic presentations, which may follow a recent infection or vaccination, (2) relapsing conditions with recurrent episodes, and (3) chronic neuroinflammation, which can present with  \nAUGUST 2024  \nregression or relapsing clinical attacks with evidence of disease progression outside of the attacks. In a small proportion of children with autoimmune neurologic conditions, an underlying monogenetic disorder may cause autoinflammation; this can be isolated or part of a systemic autoinflammatory syndrome. This article discusses some common principles in diagnosing and managing autoimmune neurologic conditions in children, with more detailed information about some key specific syndromes.  \nHistorically, the syndromes have been stratified into white matter (acquired demyelinating syndromes) and gray matter (autoimmune encephalitis) disorders, with significant clinical overlap between these conditions. However, it is more accurate to discuss the specific disease entities in which a known pathogenic antibody has been described (ie, myelin oligodendrocyte","cbCaisG1w31whIZS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisG1w31whIZS","pdf",9331766,29,"English","# Pediatric Autoimmune Neurologic Disorders\n## Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Autoimmune Encephalitis","[{\"question\":\"What are the key principles emphasized for improving outcomes in children with autoimmune neurologic diseases?\",\"answer\":\"The article highlights early diagnosis, promptly initiating treatment, and identifying patients who benefit from long-term maintenance therapy. It also notes that time to treatment and treatment escalation correlate with outcomes in many patients.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review distinguish autoimmune neurologic syndromes in children?\",\"answer\":\"It differentiates conditions that can be diagnosed using antibody biomarkers from those requiring clinical diagnostic criteria. It also notes that a subset of children may be labeled seronegative and need evaluation for other inflammatory or monogenetic causes while treating CNS inflammation.\"},{\"question\":\"What characterizes autoimmune encephalitis syndromes in pediatric patients?\",\"answer\":\"They are characterized by impaired alertness, often with seizures, movement disorders, and psychiatric features, with or without focal neurologic deficits. Detectable serum or CSF antibodies may target ion channels, receptors, or synaptic proteins.\"}]","Pediatric Autoimmune Neurologic Disorders - Review Article - 2024 | PDF",73]