[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-330613-105":59,"doc-detail-330613-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","pd-1pd-l1-pathway-current-research-in-breast-cancer","PD-1/PD-L1 pathway - Current research in breast cancer","","Immunotherapy has produced promising outcomes in breast cancer, with the PD-1/PD-L1 axis recognized as a key regulator of immune activity and cancer immune escape. PD-L1 is described as a co-inhibitory transmembrane protein that cooperates with PD-1 to promote apoptosis, limit cytokine release, and restrain growth of PD-1-positive cells, while also reducing immune recognition of tumor cells. This review summarizes PD-1 and PD-L1 functions in breast cancer therapy and evaluates evidence from a literature search across databases, yielding included studies for synthesis.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/pd-1pd-l1-pathway-current-research-in-breast-cancer/330613/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/pd-1pd-l1-pathway-current-research-in-breast-cancer/330613.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Eliana","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in breast cancer therapy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review highlights that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is vital for cancer therapy by regulating immune responses and cancer immune escape mechanisms.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were studies selected in this literature review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A literature search was conducted using three online databases, and results were filtered with inclusion and exclusion criteria, leading to a final set of four studies.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does combining PD-1 and PD-L1 matter, and what challenge does it present?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The evidence presented indicates that PD-1/PD-L1 combination is essential, offering both an opportunity and a challenge in cancer treatment, especially for solid cancers expressing high levels of the pathway.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},330613,1790317578,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},4398048949847,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267","Breast Disease 43 (2024) 79–92 79  \nDOI 10.3233/BD-249006 IOS Press  \nReview Article  \nPD-1/PD-L1 pathway: Current research in breast cancer  \nSalman Ardi Syamsua , Muhammad Farukb , ∗ , Nilam Smaradaniac , Elridho Sampepajungc , Agung Sindu Pranotoc , Febie Irsandyd and Iin Fadhilah Utami Tammassee  \naDivision of Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia ORCID: [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7162-8845](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7162-8845)  \nbDepartment of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia ORCID: [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7079-4585](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7079-4585)  \ncDivision of Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia dDepartment of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia  \neFaculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia ORCID: [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3870-4372](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3870-4372)  \nAbstract.  \nINTRODUCTION: Immunotherapy has shown encouraging outcomes in breast cancer (BC) treatment in recent years. The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) transmembrane protein is suggested to function as a co-inhibitory factor in the immune response, where it collaborates with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) to stimulate apoptosis, suppress cytokine release from PD-1 positive cells, and limit the growth of PD-1 positive cells. Furthermore, in many malignancies, PD-L1 reduces the immune system’s response to neoplastic cells. These observations suggest that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis plays a vital role in cancer therapy and the regulation of cancer immune escape mechanisms. This review aimed to provide an overview of the functions of PD-1 and PD-L1 in BC cancer therapy.  \nMETHODS: This research design is a literature review. The style is a traditional review on topics or variables relating to the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. A literature search was carried out using three online databases.  \nRESULTS: The search using the keywords yielded a total of 248 studies. Each result was filtered again according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in a final total of 4 studies to be included in the literature review.  \nCONCLUSIONS: The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 is essential for many malignancies. According to the evidence presented, this combination presents both an opportunity and a challenge in cancer treatment. Since many solid cancers, especially BC, express high levels of PD-1/PD-L1, cancer treatment mainly involves targeted therapies.  \nKeywords: Breast cancer, programmed cell death receptor, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, immune system  \n1. Introduction  \nBreast cancer (BC) treatment is tailored depending on individual circumstances [1,2] . Research in oncology (genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics), equipment development (diagnostic and  \n*  \nCorresponding author: Muhammad Faruk, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 11, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia. Tel.: +62 411585984; [E-mail: muhammadfaruk@unhas.ac.id](E-mail: muhammadfaruk@unhas.ac.id).  \ntherapeutic), and drug discovery play an important role in the treatment of BC [3,4] . Surgery remains the primary modality, and numerous innovations have evolved mastectomy techniques [4–6] .  \nCancer research traditionally focused on cancer cells and cancer as a gene-disease; however, extensive investigations into this disease as a systemic condition have identified cancer as a complex disease with multiple manifestations. Therefore, research has advanced from a focus on cancer cells to a holistic approach based on the function of the immune system within the host  \n0888-6008 © 2024 – The authors. Published by IOS Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC 4 .0) .  \n80 S.A.","cbCaiuZ7HTEZ3daS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuZ7HTEZ3daS","pdf",1487286,14,"English","# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"What is the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in breast cancer therapy?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is vital for cancer therapy by regulating immune responses and cancer immune escape mechanisms.\"},{\"question\":\"How were studies selected in this literature review?\",\"answer\":\"A literature search was conducted using three online databases, and results were filtered with inclusion and exclusion criteria, leading to a final set of four studies.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does combining PD-1 and PD-L1 matter, and what challenge does it present?\",\"answer\":\"The evidence presented indicates that PD-1/PD-L1 combination is essential, offering both an opportunity and a challenge in cancer treatment, especially for solid cancers expressing high levels of the pathway.\"}]","PD-1/PD-L1 pathway - Current research in breast cancer | PDF",1789989533,35]