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Cancer cells hijack this control to evade immune surveillance and support tumor growth. Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has reshaped cancer therapy, showing strong effectiveness across multiple cancer types. The review examines PD-1 structure and signaling, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, clinical resistance, and treatment challenges, including emerging combination strategies with chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/pd-1-and-pd-l1-architects-of-immune-symphony-and-immunotherapy-breakthroughs-in-cancer-treatment/384328/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/pd-1-and-pd-l1-architects-of-immune-symphony-and-immunotherapy-breakthroughs-in-cancer-treatment/384328.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Guten tag","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the role of PD-1 and PD-L1 in the immune system?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"PD-1 and PD-L1 regulate immune activity and help prevent autoimmunity by controlling anti-tumor immune responses. 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Qureshi  \n [ka.qurishe@qu.edu.sa](ka.qurishe@qu.edu.sa)[ ](ka.qurishe@qu.edu.sa)Humaira Farooqi  \n [hfarooqi@jamiahamdard.ac.in](hfarooqi@jamiahamdard.ac.in)[ ](hfarooqi@jamiahamdard.ac.in)Ashok Aspatwar  \n ashok.aspatwar@tuni. fi  \nRECEIVED 18 September 2023  \nACCEPTED 08 November 2023  \nPUBLISHED 01 December 2023  \nCITATION  \nParvez A, Choudhary F, Mudgal P, Khan R, Qureshi KA, Farooqi H and Aspatwar A (2023) PD-1 and PD-L1: architects of immune symphony and immunotherapy breakthroughs in cancer treatment.  \nFront. Immunol. 14:1296341 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1296341  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2023 Parvez, Choudhary, Mudgal, Khan, Qureshi, Farooqi and Aspatwar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nPD-1 and PD-L1: architects of immune symphony and immunotherapy breakthroughsin cancer treatment  \nAdil Parvez 1, Furqan Choudhary 1, Priyal Mudgal 1, Rahila Khan 1, Kamal A. Qureshi 2*, Humaira Farooqi 1* and Ashok Aspatwar 3*  \n1 Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia, Hamdard, New Delhi, India, 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia, 3 Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland  \nPD-1 (Programmed Cell Death Protein-1) and PD-L1 (Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1) play a crucial role in regulating the immune system and preventing autoimmunity. Cancer cells can manipulate this system, allowing them to escape immune detection and promote tumor growth. Therapies targeting the PD-1/ PD-L1 pathway have transformed cancer treatment and have demonstrated significant effectiveness against various cancer types. This study delves into the structure and signaling dynamics of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1/PD-L2, the diverse PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and their efficacy, and the resistance observed in some patients. Furthermore, this study explored the challenges associated with the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment approach. Recent advancements in the combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical procedures to enhance patient outcomes have also been highlighted. Overall, this study offers an in-depth overview of the significance of PD-1/PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy and its future implications in oncology.  \nKEYWORDS  \nPD-1, PD-L1, cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, combination therapy, monoclonal antibody  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \nParvez et al. 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1296341  \nGRAPHICAL ABSTRACT  \n1 Introduction  \nCancer is a significant public health concern that contributes to global mortality and morbidity rates. In 2020, it was reported that there were approximately 18.1 million new cases of cancer worldwide, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, with 8.8 million (48%) in females and 9 .3 million (52%) in males. This resulted in a ratio of 10 males to every 9.5 females. The global agestandardized incidence rate was 178.1 per 100,000 females and 206.9 per 100,000 males. The four most common types of cancer worldwide are breast, lung, bowel (including anus), and prostate cancers, which collectively account for 43% of all n","cbCaikaIZ86YDJ85","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikaIZ86YDJ85","pdf",2250213,16,"English","# Introduction\n## PD-1/PD-L1 role in immune regulation\n## Cancer immune evasion and checkpoint upregulation\n## PD-1/PD-L1–targeted therapies and clinical impact\n## Resistance and treatment challenges\n## Combination approaches in immunotherapy","[{\"question\":\"What is the role of PD-1 and PD-L1 in the immune system?\",\"answer\":\"PD-1 and PD-L1 regulate immune activity and help prevent autoimmunity by controlling anti-tumor immune responses. They are also involved in the immune system’s monitoring of abnormal cells.\"},{\"question\":\"How do cancer cells use the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to their advantage?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer cells manipulate the PD-1/PD-L1 control system to avoid immune detection. This supports tumor growth by promoting immune escape.\"},{\"question\":\"What topics does the review cover regarding PD-1/PD-L1 therapies?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers PD-1 structure and signaling, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and their efficacy, resistance observed in some patients, and challenges with this treatment approach, including recent combination strategies.\"}]","PD-1 and PD-L1: architects of immune symphony and immunotherapy breakthroughs in cancer treatment | PDF",1790262215]