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Standard care relies mainly on cytotoxic agents, while several targeted therapies have not produced meaningful clinical benefit. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can stimulate durable anti-tumor responses, and TNBC is a particularly promising setting due to higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, increased PD-L1 expression, and elevated mutational burden. Yet ICI monotherapy shows only modest activity, with improved response when combined with cytotoxic drugs. This review analyzes immune-evading mechanisms, resistance pathways, and summarizes ongoing clinical trials for novel immune-targeted therapies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/patterns-of-immune-evasion-in-triple-negative-breast-cancer-and-new-potential-therapeutic-targets-a-review/332890/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/patterns-of-immune-evasion-in-triple-negative-breast-cancer-and-new-potential-therapeutic-targets-a-review/332890.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Genevieve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What defines triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"TNBC lacks progesterone and estrogen receptors and has low (or absent) HER2 expression. It is characterized as an aggressive subtype with distinct clinical features and outcomes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why are immune checkpoint inhibitors promising in TNBC?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"ICIs stimulate the immune system and can generate durable anti-tumor responses. TNBC shows supportive immune biology such as higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, increased PD-L1 expression, and a higher mutational burden.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does treatment response differ between ICI monotherapy and combination therapy in advanced TNBC?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"ICI monotherapy yields only modest responses in advanced TNBC. Response rates improve substantially when ICIs are combined with cytotoxic agents, especially in PD-L1-expressing tumors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},332890,1790127903,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26,"preview_page_count":4},1374391974585,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 13 December 2024 DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1513421  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nYaying Du,  \nTongji Hospital, China  \nREVIEWED BY  \nAli Roghanian,  \nUniversity of Southampton, United Kingdom Sreeram Vallabhaneni,  \nHarvard Medical School, United States  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nMaría Leonor Ferna´ ndez-Murga  \n [malefer@uv.es](malefer@uv.es)  \nRECEIVED 18 October 2024  \nACCEPTED 25 November 2024  \nPUBLISHED 13 December 2024  \nCITATION  \nSerrano Garca L, J´avega B,  \nLlombart Cussac A, Gión M, Pe´ rez-Garca JM, Cortés J and Fern´andez-Murga ML (2024) Patterns of immune evasion in triple-negative breast cancer and new potential therapeutic targets: a review.  \nFront. Immunol. 15:1513421 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1513421  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2024 Serrano Garca, J´avega, Llombart Cussac, Gión, Pe´ rez-Garca, Cortés and Fern´andez-Murga. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  \nCreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) .  \nThe use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nPatterns of immune evasion in triple-negative breast cancer and new potential therapeutic targets: a review  \nLuc ´ıa Serrano Garc ´ıa 1, Beatriz J´avega 1, Antonio Llombart Cussac 1,2,3, María Gión 4,  \nJos´e Manuel P´erez-Garc ´ıa 3,5, Javier Cortés 3,5,6 and María Leonor Fern´andez-Murga 1*  \n1 Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain, 2Grupo Oncologa Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-Centro de Estudios Universitarios (CEU), Alfara del Patriarca, Spain, 3 Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MEDSIR), Oncoclnicas & Co., Jersey City, NJ, United States, 4 Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain, 5 International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Group, Barcelona, Spain, 6 Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Madrid, Spain  \nTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of progesterone and estrogen receptors and low (or absent) HER2 expression. TNBC accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancers. It is associated with younger age, a higher mutational burden, and an increased risk of recurrence and mortality. Standard treatment for TNBC primarily relies on cytotoxic agents, such as taxanes, anthracyclines, and platinum compounds for both early and advanced stages of the disease. Several targeted therapies, including bevacizumab and sunitinib, have failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefit in TNBC. The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has revolutionized cancer treatment. By stimulating the immune system, ICIs induce a durable anti-tumor response across various solid tumors. TNBC is a particularly promising target for treatment with ICIs due to the higher levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), increased PD-L1 expression, and higher mutational burden, which generates tumor-specific neoantigens that activate immune cells. ICIs administered as monotherapy in advanced TNBC yields only a modest response; however, response rates significantly improve when ICIs are combined with cytotoxic agents, particularly in tumors expressing PD-L1 . Pembrolizumab is approved for use in both early and advanced TNBC in combination with standard chemotherapy. However, more research is needed to identify more potent biomarkers, and to better elucidate the synergism of ICIs with other targeted agents. In this review, we explore the challenges of immunotherapy in TNBC, examining the mechanisms of tumor ","cbCaihEeb4duGygQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihEeb4duGygQ","pdf",2196726,24,"English","# 1 Introduction\n## 1.1 Epidemiologic and clinical features of triple-negative breast cancer\n## 1.2 Immunoediting in TNBC","[{\"question\":\"What defines triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)?\",\"answer\":\"TNBC lacks progesterone and estrogen receptors and has low (or absent) HER2 expression. It is characterized as an aggressive subtype with distinct clinical features and outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are immune checkpoint inhibitors promising in TNBC?\",\"answer\":\"ICIs stimulate the immune system and can generate durable anti-tumor responses. TNBC shows supportive immune biology such as higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, increased PD-L1 expression, and a higher mutational burden.\"},{\"question\":\"How does treatment response differ between ICI monotherapy and combination therapy in advanced TNBC?\",\"answer\":\"ICI monotherapy yields only modest responses in advanced TNBC. Response rates improve substantially when ICIs are combined with cytotoxic agents, especially in PD-L1-expressing tumors.\"}]","Patterns of immune evasion in triple-negative breast cancer and new potential therapeutic targets - a review | PDF",1789999857]