[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-608303-105":59,"doc-detail-608303-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","pathogenic-mechanisms-of-sleep-hallucinations-and-their-relationship-to-ghost-tales-chapter-5-abstract","PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF SLEEP HALLUCINATIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GHOST TALES - Chapter 5 - Abstract","","Many ghost tales across cultures are reported as sleep-related experiences, often during nocturnal hours. Recent neuroscience in hypnology is used to explain mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of such legends. Prior work classified these events into four hallucination types in normal people and showed parallels with neurological disorders, including narcolepsy, Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and REM sleep-related behavior disorder. This chapter presents typical REM sleep-related self-reports and proposes mechanisms from a neurologist’s perspective, including atonia-related distinctions and RBDS-associated monstrous-creature accounts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/pathogenic-mechanisms-of-sleep-hallucinations-and-their-relationship-to-ghost-tales-chapter-5-abstract/608303/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/pathogenic-mechanisms-of-sleep-hallucinations-and-their-relationship-to-ghost-tales-chapter-5-abstract/608303.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Connor ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-17",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How are ghost tales related to sleep hallucinations in the chapter?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The chapter links several “ghost tale” experiences to specific sleep hallucination types, especially those occurring during REM sleep. It frames the reports as self-reported events analyzed through diagnostic criteria.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What are the four classified types of hallucinations discussed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The chapter describes hypnagogic hallucination-like (HyH) types, highway hypnosis-like (HHy) types, REM sleep and/or somnambulism-related behavior disorder (RBDS), and vivid hallucinations (VH). Three of the four types occur during REM sleep and relate to ghost tales.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What mechanism differences are concluded for HyH and HHy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The chapter concludes that HyH is a REM sleep-related hallucination with atonia, while HHy is the same but without atonia. It also proposes neurophysiological mechanisms and associates some night-creature tales with RBDS.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},608303,1792674777,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687207022233,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","In: Rapid Eye Movement Sleep: New Research  \nEditors: Kiyomi Bando and Aito Hotate  \nISBN 978-1-62081-292-1  \n©2012 Nova Science Publishers,  \nChapter 5  \nPATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF SLEEP HALLUCINATIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP  \nTO GHOST TALES  \nAkihiro Watanabe and Hirokazu Furuya*  \nDepartment of Neurology , Neuro-Muscular Center , Japan  \nABSTRACT  \nMany races and nations of the world have told many tales of ghost and monstrous creatures since the beginning of recorded history. Most of them were individual experiencesand were experienced during the hours of sleep. Recent advances in neuroscience, especially in the field of hypnology, reveal some of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of such strange storied or legends . We previously reported that two thirds of such tales could be classified into four types of hallucinations experienced by normal people . We also showed the similarity of those tales to the experiences accompanying neurological disorders, such as narcolepsy, Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy body disease (DLB), and REM sleep-related behavior disorder . We classified those ghost tales as hypnagogic hallucination (HyH) like, highway hypnosis (HHy) like, REM sleep and/or somnambulism-related behavior disorder (RBDS), and vivid hallucinations (VH) . Three (HyH, HHy and RBDS) of the four types of hallucinations occur during REM sleep and are related to ‘ghost tales’or‘tales of specters’. Here, we present self-reports of typical REM sleep-related hallucinations experienced by normal people and indicate the possible mechanisms based on the recently advanced theories of sleep mechanisms from the viewpoint of a neurologist. According to our detailed analysis of ghost tales, we concluded that HyH is a REM sleep-related hallucination with atonia, and HHy is the same without atonia . We also concluded that some of the tales of monstrous creatures in the night are due to RBDS, Possible neurophysiological mechanisms of such hallucinations are also proposed.  \n* Address correspondence to: H. Furuya, MD and PhD. E-mail: [furuya@neuro.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp](furuya@neuro.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp)  \nINTRODUCTION  \nThere are many ghost stories in various cultures around the world, but the pathogenesis of a few types is not understood. One is the hypnagogic hallucination, which is usually observed in narcolepsy, but may be experienced by normal people without other neurological or psychiatric pathologies, and the other is ‘highway hypnosis’ in which fear is a component. Highway hypnosis is illustrated by tales such as 'The Vanishing Hitchhiker'in the U.S. (1) and 'The Story of the Ghost Getting into a Taxi Cab' in Japan (2) . We suggested the possibility that the vivid visual hallucinations seen in progressive posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) share a similar mechanism with some of the ghost tales experienced by normal people (Table 1) (3) . Furthermore, reports of REM sleep behavior disorder and/or somnambulism (sleepwalking) (RBDS) are becoming more common during treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) or dementia with Lewy body disease (DLB) (4, 5) . We’ve developed diagnostic criteria consisting of a central and core features to classify the ghost tales as far as possible into the four types based on the plausible reports of events or oral investigations by folklore researchers (2, 6) .  \nIn this paper, we’d like to relate the pathogenic mechanisms of several of sleep-related‘ghost tales’or ‘unnatural phenomena’based on the diagnostic criteria (Table 1) to the published reports so far as possible.  \nHYPNAGOGIC HALLUCINATION-LIKE GHOST TALES (HYH)  \nThis is the most common hallucination and has been analyzed by the neurologists, neurophysiologists, psychiatrists and psychologists for a long time. This type of hallucination is also figures as ‘typical ghost’described by every ethnic group and race across the ages (Fig. 1) (7) .  \nIn principle, this is equivalent to the hypnagogic hallucination that occurs in narcolepsy patients. The gh","cbCaisyPBu2RHKV4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisyPBu2RHKV4","pdf",2395133,68,"English","# Introduction\n# Hypnagogic Hallucination-Like Ghost Tales (HyH)\n## Major criteria for classification of ghost tales of normal people","[{\"question\":\"How are ghost tales related to sleep hallucinations in the chapter?\",\"answer\":\"The chapter links several “ghost tale” experiences to specific sleep hallucination types, especially those occurring during REM sleep. It frames the reports as self-reported events analyzed through diagnostic criteria.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the four classified types of hallucinations discussed?\",\"answer\":\"The chapter describes hypnagogic hallucination-like (HyH) types, highway hypnosis-like (HHy) types, REM sleep and/or somnambulism-related behavior disorder (RBDS), and vivid hallucinations (VH). Three of the four types occur during REM sleep and relate to ghost tales.\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanism differences are concluded for HyH and HHy?\",\"answer\":\"The chapter concludes that HyH is a REM sleep-related hallucination with atonia, while HHy is the same but without atonia. It also proposes neurophysiological mechanisms and associates some night-creature tales with RBDS.\"}]","PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF SLEEP HALLUCINATIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GHOST TALES - Chapter 5 - Abstract | PDF",1792229522,171]