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The text examines patenting costs and the financial constraints for universities, then outlines longer-term policy needs to adapt to restrictive competitive research grant conditions and external funding pressures.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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does the paper examine about the changing relationship between patents and university research in the UK?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It examines the relationship by focusing on how universities view patent ownership and management, who has the right to patent inventions from university research, and the impact of patenting on university research itself.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Why are patenting costs a challenge for universities mentioned in the text?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The document describes patenting as expensive, with many unsuccessful filings and substantial expenses for filing, examination, and recurring renewal fees, limiting universities’ capacity to cover these costs.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What long-term policy approach does the text suggest universities need?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Universities are urged to develop policies and procedures to adapt to a new funding environment shaped by restrictive competitive grant conditions and government incentives for industry collaboration.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},595336,1792923560,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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patents or the registration of copyrights,designs or trade marks and any similar rights in respect of all suchintellectual property shall be borne by the parties ‘in the proportionsin which they share the title to and ownership of the IntellectualProperty'.The cost of registering and maintaining patents world-wide is anexpensive proposition and many universities may baulk atthe prospect,especially given the limited prospects of success.According to Mr RW Byrom,Legal Officer at The University ofQueensland,for each successful product there are ten unsuccessfulones;100 prototypes discarded;1000 patents applied for;10,000inventions described;and 100,000 ideas floated⁵!  \nThe cost of patenting can be quantified to a degree.Mr CrispinMarsh,patent attorney withFBRice &Coin Sydney,has stated⁶thatit costs around $1000 to file a provisional patent application inAustralia;$1500 to file a complete specification;$1000 for examina-tion before the(former)Australian Patent Office;and then there areannual renewal fees,which risc from about $180 for the third year to$700 for the sixteenth year.Overseas patent applications are gener-ally more expensive,especially where foreign translations are re-quired.The typical all-up cost of patenting in the United States,including renewals over the patent life,is around $10,000.In Japan,the cost is about $16,000 and in Europe(covering all twelve signato-ries to the European Patent Convention)about$50,000.AsMr Marshpoints out,these are indicative costs only and inindividual cases theymay be substantially higher.  \nThe capacity of universities to meet these costs is limited.Oneoption is foruniversities to arrange for the initial costs to be recoveredup front when licensing rights to other parties;another option is forthe costs of protecting intellectual property tobe a first charge againstroyalty income.But how many inventions produce sufficient incometo offset these costs?  \nThe future  \nIn the long term,universities need to assess,onacase by case basis,the risks and benefits of operating under the restrictive conditionsapplying to competitive research grants schemes involving industrycollaboration.Alternatively,universities might choose to give less  \nemphasisto-research ofthis nature.Apragmatic approach basedonexperience,subjective judgement,the size ofthe research project andthe potential risk of non-compliance is required to find a sensiblebalance between accepting research grants of this nature with littleconsideration of the implications,and being too concerned with thelegaltechnicalities of some of the conditions.In view of governmentpolicy to encourage greater interaction between universities andindustry,universities are likely to find that access to external fundswill become very limited in some disciplines if they choose not toaccept grants from the commercially-based competitive researchgrants schemes.As research infrastructure funding to universitiesthrough Mechanism A is also currently linked to some competitiveschemes with commercial objectives,it is even more difficult foruniversities to ignore the other benefits which flow through thesystem as a consequence of success in attracting these grants.Theuniversity sector is unlikely to extract many more compromises fromfunding agencies in relation to these issues.It is up to universities todevelop the necessary policies and procedures to adapt to this newfunding environment.  \n# References\n\n1.Australian Technology Group,Supplement to Ascent Technology Maga-zine,December 1992.  \n2.ResearchInnovation &Competitiveness:Policies for ReshapingAustral-ia's Primary Industries and Energy Portfolio Research and Development.AGovernment Statement by John Kerin,Minister for Primary Industries andEnergy,and Peter Cook,Minister for Resources,May 1989,p.18.  \n3.AVCC,Commonwealth Competitive Grants Data Collection,3 March1993.  \n4.Frank PLarkins,Research in TertiaryInsti","cbCaihVeiRzxggvh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihVeiRzxggvh","pdf",272793,"English","# References\n# Introduction\n# Part I: University policy on patenting","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper examine about the changing relationship between patents and university research in the UK?\",\"answer\":\"It examines the relationship by focusing on how universities view patent ownership and management, who has the right to patent inventions from university research, and the impact of patenting on university research itself.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are patenting costs a challenge for universities mentioned in the text?\",\"answer\":\"The document describes patenting as expensive, with many unsuccessful filings and substantial expenses for filing, examination, and recurring renewal fees, limiting universities’ capacity to cover these costs.\"},{\"question\":\"What long-term policy approach does the text suggest universities need?\",\"answer\":\"Universities are urged to develop policies and procedures to adapt to a new funding environment shaped by restrictive competitive grant conditions and government incentives for industry collaboration.\"}]","Patents and university research in the United Kingdom - Part I - University policy on patenting | PDF",1792080934]