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Objective: Synthesize current evidence on prevalence, directionality, clinical overlap, adverse outcomes, and management implications of the PD–frailty nexus. Methods: Narrative review of epidemiologic, cohort, and interventional studies, including multimodal trials. Results and conclusions emphasize frailty as a vulnerability marker, with PD-adapted assessment and combined exercise–nutrition strategies to improve outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/parkinsons-disease-and-frailty-a-two-way-link-across-aging-review/461496/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/parkinsons-disease-and-frailty-a-two-way-link-across-aging-review/461496.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pop out","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-08","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the central relationship explored between Parkinson’s disease and frailty?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review focuses on a potential bidirectional link between PD and frailty, driven by shared aging-related mechanisms and reduced physiological reserve.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does frailty affect outcomes in people with Parkinson’s disease?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Frailty is common in PD, predicts falls and cognitive decline, and is associated with hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What management approach does the review highlight for integrating frailty into PD care?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) supports personalized, multidisciplinary care, while exercise—especially aerobic plus resistance training—and complementary nutrition strategies can improve mobility and quality of life.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},461496,1790792551,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36},962090760408,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Review  \nParkinson’s Disease and Frailty: A Two-Way Link Across Aging  \nDaniel Hernández-Triana 1, Salomón Páez-García 1, Alexandre Mena 2, Mar Gimeno 3, Alejandra Soto-Leal 1, Maria Cruz Rodriguez-Oroz 3 and Miguel Germán Borda 3,4, *  \nAcademic Editor: LeonardoRoever  \nReceived: 3 November 2025  \nRevised: 11 December 2025  \nAccepted: 11 December 2025  \nPublished: 22 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; [danieruht@gmail.com](danieruht@gmail.com) (D.H.-T.); [salomondavidpaez@gmail.com](salomondavidpaez@gmail.com) (S.P.-G.); [alesotoleals@gmail.com](alesotoleals@gmail.com) (A.S.-L.)  \n2 Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;  \namenaandres@alumni.unav.es  \n3 Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;  \n[mgimenor@unav.es](mgimenor@unav.es) (M.G.); [mcroroz@unav.es](mcroroz@unav.es) (M.C.R.-O.)  \n4 Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Helse Stavanger HF, P.O. Box 8100, 4068 Stavanger, Norway  \n* [Correspondence: mmborda@gmail.com](Correspondence: mmborda@gmail.com); Tel.: +47-51515619  \nAbstract  \nBackground: Parkinson’s disease (PD) and frailty frequently co-occur and may interact bidirectionally through shared mechanisms of aging biology, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and reduced physiological reserve. Objective: We aimed to synthesize current evidence on prevalence, directionality, clinical overlap, adverse outcomes, and management implications of the PD–frailty nexus. Methods: A narrative review of epidemiologic, cohort, and interventional studies was performed, examining frailty in PD and PD risk in prefrail/frail populations, plus trials of multimodal interventions. Results: Frailty is common in PD, affecting approximately one-third of patients overall and becoming more prevalent as the disease advances. It independently predicts falls, cognitive decline, hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality. Large cohorts suggest prefrailty/frailty is associated with incident PD risk, supporting a potential bidirectional association rather than direct causation. Diagnostic complexity arises because PD motor and non-motor features overlap with frailty constructs, risking misclassification. Management based on Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) enhances personalized, multidisciplinary care. Exercise, particularly combined aerobic and resistance training reduces frailty and improves mobility, postural control, and quality of life. Complementary nutritional strategies, including muscle-targeted supplementation, can further strengthen rehabilitation outcomes, while careful attention to social determinants and polypharmacy remains essential to optimizing overall health and functional independence. Conclusions: Frailty is best understood as a clinical marker of vulnerability within PD and a correlate of more adverse trajectories rather than a proven causal determinant. Systematic frailty assessment integrated into PD care may help refine prognosis, individualize treatment, and support efforts to preserve independence. Priorities include PD-adapted frailty tools, CGA implementation, and rigorous trials of combined exercise–nutrition programs.  \nKeywords: Parkinson’s disease; frailty; aging biology; comprehensive geriatric assessment; exercise; nutrition; cognitive decline; outcomes  \n1. Introduction  \nParkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an estimated prevalence of approximately 1.5 cases per 1000 individuals, making it the second  \nmost prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, following Alzheimer’s disease [1] . It is characterized by gradual loss of dopami","cbCaicG6wcxHnz78","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicG6wcxHnz78","pdf",582892,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Parkinson’s disease characteristics\n## Frailty in older adults with PD\n## Clinical overlap between PD and frailty","[{\"question\":\"What is the central relationship explored between Parkinson’s disease and frailty?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on a potential bidirectional link between PD and frailty, driven by shared aging-related mechanisms and reduced physiological reserve.\"},{\"question\":\"How does frailty affect outcomes in people with Parkinson’s disease?\",\"answer\":\"Frailty is common in PD, predicts falls and cognitive decline, and is associated with hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality.\"},{\"question\":\"What management approach does the review highlight for integrating frailty into PD care?\",\"answer\":\"Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) supports personalized, multidisciplinary care, while exercise—especially aerobic plus resistance training—and complementary nutrition strategies can improve mobility and quality of life.\"}]","Parkinson’s Disease and Frailty: A Two-Way Link Across Aging - Review | PDF",1790761731]