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This article examines long-run trends in income-based disparities in schooling attainment using NLSY79 and NLSY97 cohorts and PSID birth cohorts. Results align with prior work on stable college-enrollment gaps across cohorts but show growing gaps in college completion; high school graduation gaps decline, producing a modestly increasing gap in completed schooling between children from low- and high-income families.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/parent-incomebased-gaps-in-schooling-cross-cohort-trends-in-the-nlsys-and-the-psid/590670/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/parent-incomebased-gaps-in-schooling-cross-cohort-trends-in-the-nlsys-and-the-psid/590670.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanley","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the article investigate about schooling inequality?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It investigates long-run trends in income-based gaps across multiple schooling attainment measures, focusing on patterns from low- and high-income family backgrounds.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which data sources are used to study these trends?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study uses two cohorts from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97) and multiple birth cohorts from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are the key findings regarding college and high school gaps?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"College enrollment gaps show little change across cohorts, but college completion gaps increase significantly. In contrast, high school graduation gaps decline over time.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590670,1792160971,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},2336477405376,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","AERA Open  \nApril-June 2016, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 1–10 DOI: 10. 1177/2332858416645834 © The Author(s) 2016. [http://ero.sagepub.com](http://ero.sagepub.com)  \nParent Income–Based Gaps in Schooling: Cross-Cohort Trends  \nin the NLSYs and the PSID  \nKathleen M. Ziol-Guest  \nNew York University  \nKenneth T. H. Lee  \nUniversity of California-Irvine  \nBoth income inequality and the achievement test score gap between high-and low-income children increased dramatically in the United States beginning in the 1970s. Recent work by Chetty, Hendren, Kline, Saez, and Turner (2014) suggests that, unlike the test score gap, the gap in college enrollment is essentially constant. This article takes a longer historical view and investigates trends in income-based gaps in a number of schooling attainment measures using data from two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97) as well as 31 birth cohorts from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Findings support Chetty and colleagues’conclusion of little change in college enrollment for their cohorts but show significant increases in college enrollment gaps between Chetty and colleagues’and prior cohorts in both the PSID and the NLSY. We further find strong evidence of growing gaps in college completion. In contrast, gaps in high school graduation have fallen, which provide at least one optimistic sign of catching up among low-income individuals. The net result of these trends is to produce a modestly increasing gap in completed schooling between children growing up in low-and high-income families.  \nKeywords: income inequality, high school graduation, college attendance, college graduation  \nEconomic growth for much of the 20th century supported America’s promise of offering opportunities to parents and their children. In the 30 years between 1947 and 1977, a period in which the gross national product per capita doubled, the incomes of families in the lowest income bracket nearly doubled as well.1 In contrast, as documented in countless studies, the last 35 years have been marked by increasing income inequality, with stagnant incomes for families atthe bottom of the distribution and sharp increases for those at the top of it.  \nHas rising income inequality made it increasingly harder for low-income children to get ahead? Descriptive studies to date have focused on children’s achievement test scores and educational attainment. These studies show that as the incomes of affluent and poor American families have diverged over the past three decades, so too has the educational performance of the children in these families. Reardon (2011) documents startling growth in the income-based gap in the test scores of children born since the 1950s. Among children born around 1950, test scores of low-income (10th percentile) children lagged behind those of their better-off (90th percentile) peers by about 0.75 standard deviations. Fifty years later, this gap was 50% larger. Interestingly, the income-based gap grew despite the fact that racial gaps in  \ntest scores diminished during the same period (Magnuson & Waldfogel, 2008; Reardon, 2011) .  \nUsing data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97), Bailey and Dynarski (2011) showed growing income-based gaps in college entry and completion for children born between the early 1960s and early 1980s. Specifically, the gap in the college entry rate between the bottom and top income quartiles increased from 39 to 51 percentage points. With respect to college completion, the top income quartile gained 18 percentage points (from 36% to 54%), but the bottom quartile rose only slightly to 9% from 5% . Similar increases in income-based gaps in high school graduation (and GED receipt) are not apparent in these data.  \nDuncan, Ziol-Guest, and Kalil (2015) used the 31-year time series in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine the evolution of income-based disparities in children’s completed","cbCaihhmhXjFO9Pa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihhmhXjFO9Pa","pdf",1260364,"English","# Parent Income–Based Gaps in Schooling\n## Background on rising income inequality\n## Evidence from prior studies and test score gaps\n## Methods and cohort data (NLSY79, NLSY97, PSID)\n## Findings on college enrollment, completion, and high school graduation\n## Conclusion on net effects for completed schooling","[{\"question\":\"What does the article investigate about schooling inequality?\",\"answer\":\"It investigates long-run trends in income-based gaps across multiple schooling attainment measures, focusing on patterns from low- and high-income family backgrounds.\"},{\"question\":\"Which data sources are used to study these trends?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses two cohorts from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97) and multiple birth cohorts from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID).\"},{\"question\":\"What are the key findings regarding college and high school gaps?\",\"answer\":\"College enrollment gaps show little change across cohorts, but college completion gaps increase significantly. In contrast, high school graduation gaps decline over time.\"}]","Parent Income–Based Gaps in Schooling - Cross-Cohort Trends in the NLSYs and the PSID | PDF",1792070173,25]