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(2026)  \nParacoccidioidomycosis in the 21st century: Challenges and milestones. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 20(1): e0013819. [https://doi.org/10.1371/](https://doi.org/10.1371/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.1371/)[journal.pntd.0013819](journal.pntd.0013819)  \nEditor: Luis R. Martinez, University of Florida, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA  \nPublished: January 6, 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 Venturini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \nFunding: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES; PAEP Award No. 88881.944508/2024-01 to JV; PROEX Award No. 88881.845022/2023-01 to JV; and Finance Code 001 to JV), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; Award No. 316704/2021- 0 to JV), the São Paulo Research Foundation  \nREVIEW  \nParacoccidioidomycosis in the 21st century: Challenges and milestones  \nJames Venturini1*, Norma Beatriz Fernandez2,3, Priscila Marques de Macedo4, Ricardo de Souza Cavalcante5, Diego H. Caceres6,7,8, Clayton Luiz Borges9,  \nAnderson Messias Rodrigues10,11, Antonio Luiz Dal Bello Gasparoto1, Gustavo Giusiano12, Wellington Santos Fava1, Marcus de Melo Teixeira13, Erika Seki Kioshima14,  \nIgor Massahiro de Souza Suguiura15, Angel Gonzalez16, Beatriz L. Gómez6, Oliver K. Clay6, Renata Rebello Mendes Gomes17, Adriana Pardini Vicentini18,  \nRosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira4, Jose Guillermo Pereira Brunelli19, Rosana Puccia10, Eva Burger20, Luciane Alarcão Dias-Melicio5, Maria Jose Soares Mendes Giannini21, Roxana Claudia Iquize Condori22, Anamelia Lorenzetti Bocca23, Maria Sueli Soares Felipe24, Maria Aparecida Shikanai-Yasuda25,26, Gil Benard27,28, Ziadir Francisco Coutinho29, Simone Schneider Weber30, Rinaldo Poncio Mendes5, Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago1  \n1 School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, 2 Laboratorio de Micología Clínica, División Infectología, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3 Cátedra de Microbiología Clínica, Área Micología Clínica, Facultadde Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4 Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5 São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu School of Medicine, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, 6 Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia, 7 Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboudumc/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 8 IMMY, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America, 9 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, 10 Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 11 National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 12 Department of Mycology, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina, 13 School of Medicine, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil, 14 Department of Clinical Analyses and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, 15 Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil,  \n16 School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, 17 Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil, 18 Center of Immunology, Instituto Adolfo","cbCaiaZrnTJnmPQH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaZrnTJnmPQH","pdf",1496353,25,"English","# Paracoccidioidomycosis in the 21st century: Challenges and milestones\n## Review overview\n## Key challenges\n## Scientific milestones","[{\"question\":\"What is the document about?\",\"answer\":\"It is a review focused on paracoccidioidomycosis in the 21st century, covering major challenges and notable milestones in the field.\"},{\"question\":\"Which aspects does the review emphasize?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes clinical and public-health challenges and summarizes scientific progress related to the disease and its management.\"},{\"question\":\"What publication details are provided?\",\"answer\":\"The text includes an open-access citation with authors, journal information (PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases), and a publication date of January 6, 2026.\"}]","Paracoccidioidomycosis in the 21st century - Challenges and milestones - Review | PDF",1790710169,63]