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Optical coherence tomography advances imaging and helps differentiate pseudopapilledema from true papilledema. 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Elevated intracranial pressure is transmitted via the optic nerve sheath and leads to optic nerve head edema.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Why is correct identification of papilledema important?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Papilledema is a medical priority because it can be caused by intracranial mass effects or vascular and infectious conditions and may lead to significant morbidity and devastating visual loss. Underdiagnosis is a major concern.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What are the recommended tests and initial approach for patients?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Confirmation typically requires thorough ocular examination including visual field testing. Ocular imaging such as color fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography is useful, and care should involve joint management between ophthalmologists and neurologists.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},647759,1793121406,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,105,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":106,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},3848291630094,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","REVIEW ARTICLE  \n􀀁  \nCONTINUUM AUDIO INTERVIEW AVAILABLE ONLINE  \n􀀁  \nVIDEO CONTENT AVAILABLE ONLINE  \nCITE AS:  \nCONTINUUM (MINNEAP MINN) 2025;31(2, NEUROOPHTHALMOLOGY):436–462.  \nAddress correspondence to Susan P. Mollan, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom, [soozmollan@doctors.org.uk](soozmollan@doctors.org.uk).  \nRELATIONSHIP DISCLOSURE: Dr Mollan has received personal compensation in the range of $0 to $499 for serving on a speakers bureau AbbVie Inc, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Thea Pharma Inc. Dr Mollan has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. Dr Mollan has anoncompensated relationship as a board member (nonvoting) with the North American Neuroophthalmology Society that is relevant to American Academy of Neurology (AAN) interests or activities. The institution of Dr Mollan has received research support from Heidelberg Engineering and the National Institute of Health Research (UK) .  \nUNLABELED USE OF PRODUCTS/INVESTIGATIONAL USE DISCLOSURE:  \nDr Mollan discusses the use ofacetazolamide, amiloride, exenatide, furosemide, spironolactone, and sulfamazone sodium for the treatment of papilledema, none of which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) .  \n© 2025 American Academy of Neurology.  \nPapilledema  \nBy Susan P. Mollan, MBChB, PhD, FRCOphth  \nABSTRACT  \nOBJECTIVE: This article describes the recognition, investigation, and management of papilledema.  \nLATEST DEVELOPMENTS: Papilledema describes optic disc swelling (usually bilateral) arising from raised intracranial pressure. Due to the serious nature of papilledema, there is a fear of underdiagnosis and hence one of the major stumbling points is the correct identification of papilledema. While there has been a stepwise increase in the incidence and prevalence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension due to the worldwide epidemic of people living with obesity, secondary causes such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, intracranial masses, and infections must not be missed. Our ability to image the optic nerve has been greatly enhanced by the directed use of optical coherence tomography, with recent studies observing novel imaging findings that can help distinguish pseudopapilledema from papilledema. The structured investigation of papilledema is now routine and research into the management of CSF disorders is finding new avenues for targeted treatments.  \nESSENTIAL POINTS: Confirmation of papilledema typically requires a thorough ocular examination including visual field testing. Ocular imaging such as color fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography are useful. Joint care between ophthalmologists and neurologists is key to treating the underlying condition and managing any visual dysfunction and headache.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nP  \napilledema is defined as optic disc swelling (usually bilateral) arising from raised intracranial pressure (ICP) . Raised ICP is transmitted from the subarachnoid space via the optic nerve sheath to cause axoplasmic holdup and consequent optic nerve head edema. Elevated ICP is caused by alterations in the volume of either cerebral blood,  \nCSF, or brain tissue. CSF volume is tightly regulated and dependent on the balance between CSF secretion and drainage. The mechanisms involved in the regulation of CSF dynamics are not well understood.  \nPapilledema is a medical priority, as it can be caused by an intracranial mass such as a tumor, hemorrhage, or thrombosis and can cause significant morbidity and devastating visual loss. Neurologists must understand the importance of regular visual field monitoring to detect deterioration as there are limited other clinical biomarkers that can determine the urgency of treatment. A stepwise investigational pathway is recommended (FIGURE 5-1) .  \n436 APRIL 2025  \nCopyright © American Academy of Neurology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.  \nAPPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH PAPILLEDEMA ","cbCaiiuYi4CAHTuu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiuYi4CAHTuu","pdf",11451088,27,"English","# Abstract\n## Objective, Latest Developments, and Essential Points\n# Introduction\n# Approach to the Patient with Papilledema\n## History\n# Key Points","[{\"question\":\"What is papilledema and what causes it?\",\"answer\":\"Papilledema is optic disc swelling, usually bilateral, arising from raised intracranial pressure. Elevated intracranial pressure is transmitted via the optic nerve sheath and leads to optic nerve head edema.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is correct identification of papilledema important?\",\"answer\":\"Papilledema is a medical priority because it can be caused by intracranial mass effects or vascular and infectious conditions and may lead to significant morbidity and devastating visual loss. Underdiagnosis is a major concern.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the recommended tests and initial approach for patients?\",\"answer\":\"Confirmation typically requires thorough ocular examination including visual field testing. Ocular imaging such as color fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography is useful, and care should involve joint management between ophthalmologists and neurologists.\"}]","Papilledema - Review Article - Objective, Latest Developments, and Essential Points | PDF",1792790043,68]