[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-438843-105":59,"doc-detail-438843-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","oxygen-pressure-protocol-breaking-cycle-limit-of-continuously-reversible-lithium-oxygen-batteries","Oxygen-Pressure Protocol Breaking Cycle Limit of Continuously Reversible Lithium-Oxygen Batteries","","Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries offer exceptional energy density, yet cycle instability and severe capacity degradation at high current densities hinder practical use. The work introduces an “O2-pressure protocol” that simultaneously improves oxygen mass transport and accelerates reaction kinetics to control the composition and growth pathway of discharge products. The approach also protects Li anodes by densifying corrosion layers. As a result, batteries reach ultrahigh discharge capacity (>9,000 mAh g−1) at 3,000 mA g−1 with excellent cycling stability, and deliver >11-fold cycle-life enhancement to 5,170 h (2,585 cycles).",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/oxygen-pressure-protocol-breaking-cycle-limit-of-continuously-reversible-lithium-oxygen-batteries/438843/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/oxygen-pressure-protocol-breaking-cycle-limit-of-continuously-reversible-lithium-oxygen-batteries/438843.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Oliver","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What is the core idea of the “O2-pressure protocol” for Li-O2 batteries?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"It uses an oxygen-pressure strategy to strengthen O2 mass transport and accelerate reaction kinetics, while optimizing the growth pathway of discharge products.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How does the protocol protect the lithium (Li) anode?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"It protects Li anodes by densifying corrosion layers, which helps mitigate anode degradation during cycling.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What performance improvements are reported under the protocol?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The battery achieves ultrahigh discharge capacity (>9,000 mAh g−1) at 3,000 mA g−1 and a record lifetime of about 5,170 h (2,585 cycles) at 500 mA g−1 under constant operation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},438843,1790716947,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","e-ISSN 2150-5551 CN 31-2103/TB  \nARTICLE [https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01990-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01990-z)  \nCite as  \nNano-Micro Lett.(2026) 18:156  \nReceived: 17 July 2025  \nAccepted: 21 October 2025  \nPublished online: 5 January 2026 © The Author(s) 2026  \nOxygen‑Pressure Protocol Breaking Cycle Limit of Continuously Reversible Lithium‑Oxygen Batteries  \nXinhang Cui 1,3, Fenglong Xiao 1, Guoliang Zhang2, Zhangliu Tian3, Qingshan Bao 1, Yanlu Li 1, Deliang Cui 1 *, Qilong Wang4, Feng Dang2 *, Wei Chen3, Haohai Yu 1 *, Huaijin Zhang 1, Gang Lian 1 *  \nHIGHLIGHTS  \n• An O2− pressure protocol was proposed to strengthen mass transport, accelerate the reaction kinetics and optimize growth pathways of discharge products, which achieves ultrahigh discharge capacity at 3,000 mA g−1 (>9,000 mAh g−1) .  \n• This general pressure effect can protect Li anodes via densifying corrosion layers on them simultaneously.  \n• The breakthrough of continuously operated ultralong-life lithium-oxygen batteries was actualized over a record-high lifetime of ~5,170 h (2,585 cycles) at 500 mA g−1 under constant operation.  \nABSTRACT Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery is favored among “beyond lithiumion” technologies for sustainability because of its exceptional energy density. Major impediments are the poor cycle stability and grievous capacity degradation at high current densities. We address these issues by a “killing two birds with one stone”O2-pressure protocol. It first resolves efficient O2 mass transport at high rates.æ The accelerated reaction kinetics optimizes the composition and growth pathway of discharge products. This protocol secondly achieves protection of Li anodes via densifying corrosion layers on them. Consequently, the battery delivers both ultrahigh discharge capacity (> 9,000 mAh g−1) at 3,000 mA g−1 and excellent cycling stability. Under a dual-strategy effect of high-pressure O2 and artificial protection layers, the battery actualizes over 11-fold increase in cycle life of 5,170 h (2,585 cycles) . The strategy opens avenues for advancing Li-O2 batteries towards practical application and confers the extension to other gas-based batteries.  \nKEYWORDS Li-O2 batteries; O2 pressure; Cycle life; Li anode protection; Rate performance  \nXinhang Cui and Fenglong Xiao contributed equal to this work.  \n* Deliang Cui, [cuidl@sdu.edu.cn](cuidl@sdu.edu.cn); Feng Dang, [dangfeng@sdu.edu.cn](dangfeng@sdu.edu.cn); Haohai Yu, [haohaiyu@sdu.edu.cn](haohaiyu@sdu.edu.cn); Gang Lian, [liangang@sdu.edu.cn](liangang@sdu.edu.cn)  \n1 State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China  \n2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People’s Republic of China  \n3 Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Queenstown 117543, Singapore  \n4 Key Laboratory for Special Functional Aggregated Materials of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China  \n1 Introduction  \nIn the quest for sustainable energy solutions, redox chemistries based on oxygen (O2) are gaining prominence because they diminish reliance on limited transition metal elements and promise high energy density (≈3,500 Wh kg−1) when paired with lithium (Li) anode [1–6]. Typical Li-O2 battery (LOB) chemistry involves reversible formation and decomposition of Li2O2 at the cathode, wherein sluggish reaction kinetics and severe corrosion of Li anode result in inferior cycle life and rate capability [7] . Despite the efficient cathode materials [8–12], the corresponding conversion generally exhibits limited capacities and poor cycle stability at high current densities, which are mainly caused by the “altitude sickness” of cathode and poor charge transfer between cathode and insulating discharge products. Incomplete conversion of Li2O2 accelerates continuous accumulation of it and passi","cbCaibkKSEXJiC32","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibkKSEXJiC32","pdf",6967983,14,"English","# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the core idea of the “O2-pressure protocol” for Li-O2 batteries?\",\"answer\":\"It uses an oxygen-pressure strategy to strengthen O2 mass transport and accelerate reaction kinetics, while optimizing the growth pathway of discharge products.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the protocol protect the lithium (Li) anode?\",\"answer\":\"It protects Li anodes by densifying corrosion layers, which helps mitigate anode degradation during cycling.\"},{\"question\":\"What performance improvements are reported under the protocol?\",\"answer\":\"The battery achieves ultrahigh discharge capacity (\\u003e9,000 mAh g−1) at 3,000 mA g−1 and a record lifetime of about 5,170 h (2,585 cycles) at 500 mA g−1 under constant operation.\"}]","Oxygen-Pressure Protocol Breaking Cycle Limit of Continuously Reversible Lithium-Oxygen Batteries | PDF",1790686542,35]