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This paper presents contrasting views on VDS education, emphasizing peer-learning and examining how COVID-19-related anxiety may have shaped these perspectives. An Erasmus+ project, EINSTUDIO, involved students and instructors from three countries, investigating whether virtual technologies support cross-national design studios via self-evaluations and findings that structured methods can mitigate peer communication challenges.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/outputs-of-a-cross-cultural-virtual-design-studio-einstudio-a-design-journey-across-countries/600491/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/outputs-of-a-cross-cultural-virtual-design-studio-einstudio-a-design-journey-across-countries/600491.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"OmBimo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main objective of the paper regarding Virtual Design Studios (VDS)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To present and analyze contrasting views about VDS education, with a specific focus on peer-learning and the potential influence of COVID-19-related anxiety on these opinions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What project forms the empirical basis of the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The Erasmus+ project titled European Strategic Partnership Project: European Interactive Industrial Design Studio (EINSTUDIO), involving students and instructors from three different countries.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which factors does the paper examine to assess cross-national virtual studio support?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Motivation, collaboration, cultural diversity, and the contribution of the e-learning infrastructure are evaluated through participants’ self-evaluations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},600491,1792189335,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090893581,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Outputs of a Cross-Cultural Virtual Design Studio: EINSTUDIO–A Design Journey Across Countries  \nBarış GÜR, Gazi University, Turkey  \nN. Hande KUTBAY, Gazi University, Turkey  \nH. Güçlü YAVUZCAN, Gazi University, Turkey  \nAbstract  \nFollowing the COVID-19 pandemic, research on Virtual Design Studios (VDS) increased significantly, revealing mixed opinions about their limitations. This paper aims to present these contrasting views on VDS education, with a particular focus on peer-learning. While many studies argue that peer-learning diminishes significantly, or even disappears in VDS, others claim the opposite. The conceptual framework of this study explores the possible limitations of peer-learning in VDS and critically highlights how COVID-19-related anxiety may have influenced many of these opinions. The empirical study discussed in this paper is based on an Erasmus+ project titled European Strategic Partnership Project: European Interactive Industrial Design Studio (EINSTUDIO) . Students and instructors from three different countries participated in EINSTUDIO. The project aimed to leverage recent developments in online and web-based communication to address the challenges of teamwork in cross-national teams. Accordingly, this paper investigates whether current virtual technologies support the implementation of cross-national design studios. Variables such as motivation, collaboration, cultural diversity, and the contribution of the e-learning infrastructure are examined through participants’ selfevaluations. The findings indicate that although virtual peer-learning presents certain limitations and cross-national collaboration poses even greater challenges, a more structured methodology, syllabus and close supervision, such as EINSTUDIO’s semi-hybrid studio model, syllabus, and platform can help mitigate issues related to peer-to-peer communication and collaboration issues.  \nKeywords  \ndesign pedagogy, virtual design education, virtual design studio, cross-cultural studio,  \nIntroduction  \nThe studio course is widely regarded as the core and most intensive component-the backbone-of undergraduate design curricula, including architecture (Özorhon & Sarman, 2023), urban design and planning (Peimani & Kamalipour, 2022), interior design (Kurt Çavuş & Kaptan, 2022), product and industrial design (Toprak & Hacıhasanoğlu, 2019; Fleischmann, 2020), graphic design, and fashion design (Fleischmann, 2020) . Studio work applies theoretical knowledge from lectures to practice-oriented, real-world projects (Kumar et. al., 2021), and is characterised by hands-on learning, individualised instruction, and frequent feedback exchanges (Fleischmann, 2020) . It relies heavily on face-to-face interaction and iterative processes, which led many educators to be sceptical of online studios even before the pandemic (Fleischmann, 2021) . However, Fleischmann (2021) describes the COVID-19 shift as a“sink-or-swim” moment, noting that both educators and students adapted more effectively than expected.  \nAlthough VDS dates back to the early 1990s, they became essential during the pandemic as programmes had to rapidly transition to remote or hybrid models (Iranmanesh & Onur, 2021) . This abrupt change spurred increased research interest in VDS, yielding mixed perspectives on its strengths and weaknesses. A Google Scholar search for \"Virtual Design Studio\" returns an average of 71 results annually between 2000 and 2019, but this number surged to 197 in 2021, with continued growth in subsequent years (see Figure 1) . While VDS initially gained traction in the late 1990s, it remained a relevant topic through the 2000s and 2010s before experiencing renewed prominence in the early 2020s.  \n\n| 197 185 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 200\u003Cbr>180\u003Cbr>160\u003Cbr>140\u003Cbr>120\u003Cbr>100\u003Cbr>80\u003Cbr>60\u003Cbr>40\u003Cbr>20\u003Cbr>1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ","cbCaii0MR6umuaBZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaii0MR6umuaBZ","pdf",847036,27,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n# Virtual Design Studios and the COVID-19 shift\n# Peer-learning in VDS literature\n# Research trends and findings (Figure 1)","[{\"question\":\"What is the main objective of the paper regarding Virtual Design Studios (VDS)?\",\"answer\":\"To present and analyze contrasting views about VDS education, with a specific focus on peer-learning and the potential influence of COVID-19-related anxiety on these opinions.\"},{\"question\":\"What project forms the empirical basis of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The Erasmus+ project titled European Strategic Partnership Project: European Interactive Industrial Design Studio (EINSTUDIO), involving students and instructors from three different countries.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors does the paper examine to assess cross-national virtual studio support?\",\"answer\":\"Motivation, collaboration, cultural diversity, and the contribution of the e-learning infrastructure are evaluated through participants’ self-evaluations.\"}]","Outputs of a Cross-Cultural Virtual Design Studio - EINSTUDIO-A Design Journey Across Countries | PDF",1792090794,68]