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This review synthesizes the status and implementation potential of interventions targeting outdoor vectors, including sugar baits, endectocides, outdoor residual spraying, fogging, mass trapping, genetic modification, larval source management, repellents, raised platforms, and zooprophylaxy. It concludes that no single universally effective tool exists, and emphasizes integrated vector management with community engagement.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/outdoor-biting-by-malaria-vectors-what-are-the-options-for-intervention/460917/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/outdoor-biting-by-malaria-vectors-what-are-the-options-for-intervention/460917.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Alex Sinclair","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does outdoor malaria transmission remain difficult to control?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"A large portion of transmission occurs outdoors, and current tools and capacity for controlling outdoor biting and resting mosquitoes are inadequate. Many established measures mainly target indoor, late-night biting and indoor-resting vectors.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which intervention classes are reviewed for reducing outdoor biting?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review covers attractive targeted sugar baits, endectocides, outdoor residual spraying, fogging, mass trapping, genetic modification techniques, larval source management, repellents, raised platforms, and zooprophylaxy.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the conclusion recommend as the best overall strategy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No universally applicable tool prevents outdoor transmission everywhere. The recommended approach integrates complementary interventions with community engagement, improved data for decisions, cross-sectoral collaboration, and capacity building under the WHO integrated vector management framework.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},460917,1792210207,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099523882182,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Braack and Macdonald Malaria Journal (2026) 25:18  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-025-05689-9](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-025-05689-9)  \nMalaria Journal  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nOutdoor biting by malaria vectors: what are the options for intervention?  \nLeo Braack1,2* and Michael B. Macdonald2,3  \nAbstract  \nBackground A significant portion of malaria transmission occurs outdoors, especially in the Asia–Pacific region. Current capacity to control such outdoor biting and resting mosquitoes is inadequate, and an expanded range of tools to deploy in outdoor situations is required. This paper explores the range of options available, their current status and potential for effective implementation.  \nMethods A literature review of the status of classes of interventions to reduce outdoor biting was conducted, including: attractive targeted sugar baits, endectocides, outdoor residual spraying, fogging, mass trapping, genetic modification techniques (3 categories), larval source management, repellents (4 categories), raised platforms, and zooprophylaxy. While not product class-specific, social engagement and behaviour change, and the more encompassing integrated vector management framework are also described as enabling strategies. The product-specific interventions were chosen if they were the subject of multiple peer-reviewed papers, and have some evidence of effectiveness. The status and potential for effective implementation are provided for each.  \nResults There are many vector control interventions that contribute to control populations of outdoor biting mosquitoes or lead to a reduction of transmission potential.  \nLarval Source Management is effective in some contexts but not others, and has WHO endorsement as a Supplemental Method for vector control. Spatial emanators/repellents have recently received WHO recommendation for indoor application, but may also be effective in the peridomestic space and temporary shelters. Topical repellents are effective for short-term exposure but less for long-term community protection. Endectocides offer potential in focal locations, especially as they bring benefits in helminth control for domestic animals and has good community acceptance, Gene drive holds the possibility for incisive vector control but remains a longer-term vision.  \nConclusion There is no universally applicable tool to prevent outdoor transmission. Each has its own utility, depending on local context. The best approach is integrating complementary techniques and community engagement to provide a broad shield of response against outdoor biting mosquitoes. As the WHO Integrated Vector Management framework recommends, it is through a broad approach of combined interventions, along with community engagement, improved data for decision-making, cross-sectoral collaboration and capacity building that can more effectively address outdoor biting of malaria vectors.  \nKeywords Outdoor biting, Vector control, Malaria vectors, Integrated Vector Management  \n*Correspondence:  \nLeo Braack  \n[l.braack@malariaconsortium.org](l.braack@malariaconsortium.org)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not","cbCaioJPoTXT1sYn","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioJPoTXT1sYn","pdf",1386047,21,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"Why does outdoor malaria transmission remain difficult to control?\",\"answer\":\"A large portion of transmission occurs outdoors, and current tools and capacity for controlling outdoor biting and resting mosquitoes are inadequate. Many established measures mainly target indoor, late-night biting and indoor-resting vectors.\"},{\"question\":\"Which intervention classes are reviewed for reducing outdoor biting?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers attractive targeted sugar baits, endectocides, outdoor residual spraying, fogging, mass trapping, genetic modification techniques, larval source management, repellents, raised platforms, and zooprophylaxy.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the conclusion recommend as the best overall strategy?\",\"answer\":\"No universally applicable tool prevents outdoor transmission everywhere. The recommended approach integrates complementary interventions with community engagement, improved data for decisions, cross-sectoral collaboration, and capacity building under the WHO integrated vector management framework.\"}]","Outdoor biting by malaria vectors - what are the options for intervention? | PDF",1790760043,53]