[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-418905-105":59,"doc-detail-418905-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","otilonium-bromide-exhibits-novel-antifungal-activity-against-candida-albicans-via-regulating-iron-homeostasis","Otilonium bromide exhibits novel antifungal activity against Candida albicans via regulating iron homeostasis","","Traditional antifungal drugs used against Candida albicans face drawbacks including the emergence of resistant strains, and new agent development requires long-term research. Drug repurposing may accelerate discovery by revealing previously unrecognized drug functions. Otilonium bromide (OB), an FDA-approved drug for irritable bowel syndrome, inhibits C. albicans with MIC and fungicidal concentrations at 2 μg/mL, damages cell membranes, and blocks yeast-to-hyphae transition and biofilm formation via iron homeostasis. However, efficacy is limited in a murine systemic infection model.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/otilonium-bromide-exhibits-novel-antifungal-activity-against-candida-albicans-via-regulating-iron-homeostasis/418905/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/otilonium-bromide-exhibits-novel-antifungal-activity-against-candida-albicans-via-regulating-iron-homeostasis/418905.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What antifungal mechanism does otilonium bromide show against Candida albicans?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Otilonium bromide disrupts the cell membrane and prevents the yeast-to-hyphae transition, thereby interfering with biofilm formation. The inhibition is linked to disruption of iron homeostasis.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What concentration range was reported for otilonium bromide against C. albicans in vitro?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The antifungal activity of otilonium bromide against Candida albicans was reported as 2 μg/mL for both the minimum inhibitory concentration and fungicidal concentration.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does iron affect the antifungal efficacy of otilonium bromide?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The efficacy of otilonium bromide was abolished when iron ions were provided, indicating that iron homeostasis is associated with the inhibitory mechanism.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},418905,1790740291,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},549768702563,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083","FUNGAL AND PARASITIC PATHOGENESIS     \nOtilonium bromide exhibits novel antifungal activity against Candida albicans via regulating iron homeostasis  \nLi-Hang Hsua, Yuk-Ping Choua, Tang-Long Shena, Daria Wieczorekb, and Ying-Lien Chen a  \naDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; bDepartment of Technology and Instrumental Analysis, Poznan University of Economics and Business, Poznan, Poland  \nABSTRACT  \nTraditional antifungal drugs used against Candida albicans have several drawbacks, including the emergence of drug-resistant strains. In addition, developing novel antifungal agents requires long-term research and design. Drug repurposing, identifying and utilizing previously unknown functions of known drugs, such as antifungal activity, may be a quick method for mining efficient alternatives. Otilonium bromide (OB), an FDA-approved drug, is a quaternary ammonium compound used as a therapeutic drug for irritable bowel syndrome. We previously reported the inhibitory effect of OB against the spore germination of Cryptococcus neoformans. In this study, we found that the antifungal activity of OB against C. albicans was 2 μg/mL for both minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations. OB could destroy the cell membrane and prevent C. albicans from undergoing yeast-to-hyphae transition, thus interfering with biofilm formation. Additionally, the efficacy of OB was abolished when iron ions were provided, suggesting that iron homeostasis was associated with the inhibition mechanism of OB. Interestingly, a therapeutic assay showed that OB demonstrated limited efficacy in reducing C. albicans burden in a murine systemic infection model. In summary, repurposing OB against C. albicans may facilitate the design of new antifungal drugs, and chemical modification could enhance the efficacy of OB tobe more specific to fungal pathogens.  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 1 November 2024 Revised 11 September 2025 Accepted 21 December 2025  \nKEYWORDS  \nOtilonium bromide;  \nC. albicans; repurposing; antifungal drugs; biofilm formation  \nIntroduction  \nCandida albicans is a commensal yeast found in 70% of healthy humans, especially on the skin and mucosal surfaces [ 1] . However, being an opportunistic pathogen, C. albicans is the dominant species that causes candidiasis in immunocompromised individuals, and it turns into candidemia if not treated appropriately [2] . Nowadays, antifungal drugs are categorized into three classes: azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes. Although the antifungal activity is significant, drugresistant strains still evolve and survive from drug application [3] . In addition, due to high nephrotoxicity in some drugs and the increased cost of developing new antifungal drugs, alternative approaches for discovering antifungal agents are needed.  \nTraditional development of new antifungal drugs requires substantial time and cost investments, leading to increased interest in drug repurposing as an alternative strategy. Our previous screening of 1018 FDA-approved drugs identified otilonium bromide (OB), which demonstrated significant inhibitory effects against Cryptococcus neoformans germination [4]. This finding aligns with growing evidence that quaternary ammonium  \ncompounds (QACs) possess antimicrobial properties beyond their traditional applications. Several QACs have shown antifungal efficacy: benzalkonium chloride exhibits activity against Candida species through membrane disruption, while cetylpyridinium chloride demonstrates broad-spectrum antifungal effects [5,6]. Notably, our work with the QAC compound PMT12-BF4 revealed its antifungal mechanism involves interference with iron homeostasis [7], suggesting this pathway may bea common target for QAC-based antifungal activity.  \nAmong the repurposed candidates, OB, an FDAapproved drug, demonstrated inhibitory activity on yeast germination in Cryptococcus neoformans, and the bacterial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii [4,8] . OB i","cbCailftZuujQlT5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailftZuujQlT5","pdf",2641948,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Candida albicans and antifungal resistance\n## Drug repurposing and quaternary ammonium compounds\n## Otilonium bromide and iron-related mechanisms","[{\"question\":\"What antifungal mechanism does otilonium bromide show against Candida albicans?\",\"answer\":\"Otilonium bromide disrupts the cell membrane and prevents the yeast-to-hyphae transition, thereby interfering with biofilm formation. The inhibition is linked to disruption of iron homeostasis.\"},{\"question\":\"What concentration range was reported for otilonium bromide against C. albicans in vitro?\",\"answer\":\"The antifungal activity of otilonium bromide against Candida albicans was reported as 2 μg/mL for both the minimum inhibitory concentration and fungicidal concentration.\"},{\"question\":\"How does iron affect the antifungal efficacy of otilonium bromide?\",\"answer\":\"The efficacy of otilonium bromide was abolished when iron ions were provided, indicating that iron homeostasis is associated with the inhibitory mechanism.\"}]","Otilonium bromide exhibits novel antifungal activity against Candida albicans via regulating iron homeostasis | PDF",1790614841,35]