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The review covers history, subclassifications, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and emerging modalities, including gene therapy, immunotherapy, radiation advances, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/osteosarcoma-current-insights-and-advances-targeted-anti-tumor-therapy-overview/374529/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/osteosarcoma-current-insights-and-advances-targeted-anti-tumor-therapy-overview/374529.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Taylor Morgan","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is osteosarcoma prognosis often poor even with advances in therapy?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Osteosarcoma is highly aggressive and has an early propensity for metastasis, which is often present at diagnosis, making outcomes unfavorable.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What factors are implicated in the etiology of osteosarcoma?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The review describes osteosarcoma as multifactorial, involving genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and familial syndromes.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What is the cornerstone treatment strategy for osteosarcoma?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Treatment is largely dictated by tumor stage, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection is presented as the cornerstone of management.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},374529,1790318584,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",{"doc_id":79,"user_id":84,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":85,"doc_module":4,"category_id":86,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":87,"file_id":88,"file_url":89,"file_type":90,"file_size":91,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":92,"language":93,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":94,"faqs":95,"seo_title":96,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":97,"read_time":98},1099523885336,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",7,"Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy  \nOpen Access Review  \nOsteosarcoma: current insights and advances  \nGuraustin S. Brar1 , Aidan A. Schmidt1, Logan R. Willams2, Mark R. Wakefield2,3 , Yujiang Fang1,2,3*   \n1Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA 2Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA  \n3Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, UAS  \n*Correspondence: Yujiang Fang, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA 50266, [USA.](USA. yujiang.fang@dmu.edu)[ yujiang.fang@dmu.edu](USA. yujiang.fang@dmu.edu)  \nAcademic Editor: Nicola Normanno, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST)“Dino Amadori”, Italy  \nReceived: April 7, 2025 Accepted: May 28, 2025 Published: June 15, 2025  \nCite this article: Brar GS, Schmidt AA, Willams LR, Wakefield MR, Fang Y. Osteosarcoma: current insights and advances. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2025;6:1002324. [https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2025.1002324](https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2025.1002324)  \nAbstract  \nOsteosarcoma is the most prevalent primary malignant bone tumor affecting adolescents and young adults. Despite advancements in cancer therapies, its prognosis remains poor due to its aggressive nature and early propensity for metastasis—often present at the time of diagnosis. The etiology of osteosarcoma is multifactorial, involving genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and familial syndromes. While treatment strategies are largely dictated by tumor stage, neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection remains the cornerstone of management. This review provides a comprehensive overview of osteosarcoma, including its historical context, subclassifications, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and evolving treatment modalities. Recent therapeutic innovations—such as gene therapy, immunotherapy, radiation advances, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors—are discussed in detail, highlighting their mechanisms and clinical potential. By synthesizing current literature and identifying ongoing challenges, this review aims to inform clinicians and researchers of recent progress while highlighting critical gaps to guide future research and improve patient outcomes in osteosarcoma care.  \nKeywords  \nOsteosarcoma, gene therapy, immunotherapy, radiation, tyrosine kinase inhibitors  \nIntroduction  \nOsteosarcoma (OS), first described by Alex Bowyer in 1805, is a proportionately rare form of cancer, making up around 1% of total cancer cases worldwide, and is commonly seen in adolescents and young adults, with an incidence of 3.4 per 1 million [1]. OS is a highly aggressive bone malignancy that can arise in any skeletal region. However, it predominantly manifests in the long bones, with a tendency to affect areas directly surrounding the knee joint [2] . Histologically, OS originates from mutated mesenchymal cells, which are undifferentiated multipotent cells capable of differentiating into a wide array of cell types. Through the transformation process, these mesenchymal cells encounter replication errors and form into  \n© The Author(s) 2025. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.  \nExplor Target Antitumor Ther. 2025;6:1002324 | [https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2025.1002324](https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2025.1002324) Page 1  \nmalignant osteoblasts, which classifies them under the category of OS [3","cbCaid2ut4kAsXeK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaid2ut4kAsXeK","pdf",1859812,15,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n# Subclasses\n## Central (intramedullary) OS","[{\"question\":\"Why is osteosarcoma prognosis often poor even with advances in therapy?\",\"answer\":\"Osteosarcoma is highly aggressive and has an early propensity for metastasis, which is often present at diagnosis, making outcomes unfavorable.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors are implicated in the etiology of osteosarcoma?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes osteosarcoma as multifactorial, involving genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and familial syndromes.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the cornerstone treatment strategy for osteosarcoma?\",\"answer\":\"Treatment is largely dictated by tumor stage, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection is presented as the cornerstone of management.\"}]","Osteosarcoma: current insights and advances - Targeted anti-tumor therapy overview | PDF",1790201841,38,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":100},[101,105,109,113,118,123,126,131,136,139,142],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":86,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},40,"healthcare",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":129,"slug":130},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":134,"slug":135},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":134,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":134,"slug":138},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":140,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":141},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":143,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":144,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":145},19,"General","general"]