[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-355939-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-355939-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","organoids-in-cancer-therapy-translational-applications-and-clinical-promise","Organoids in cancer therapy: translational applications and clinical promise","","Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with treatment hindered by profound biological complexity and major intratumoral and interpatient heterogeneity. Conventional preclinical tumor models cannot adequately reproduce critical features of the human tumor microenvironment, reducing translational relevance. Tumor organoids—patient-derived 3D cultures that preserve tissue architecture and heterogeneity—support translational research. Advances in engineering, predictive modeling, and integration with molecular and clinical data accelerate bench-to-bedside precision oncology while clarifying mechanisms, response, and resistance.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/organoids-in-cancer-therapy-translational-applications-and-clinical-promise/355939/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/organoids-in-cancer-therapy-translational-applications-and-clinical-promise/355939.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Aldword","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",17,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why are conventional preclinical tumor models limited for translation?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"They fail to recapitulate key features of the human tumor microenvironment, which reduces how well experimental findings reflect clinical outcomes.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What are tumor organoids and why are they useful?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Tumor organoids are patient-specific 3D culture systems that retain tissue architecture and heterogeneity, providing a more physiologically relevant platform for translational therapy research.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How do organoid engineering advances improve translational research?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Techniques such as organoid-on-chip systems, 3D bioprinting, and next-generation biomaterials enhance physiological relevance, controllability, and scalability, enabling higher-throughput drug screening and functional profiling.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},355939,1790289160,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},2336478940917,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Bai etal. Molecular Cancer (2026) 25:159 Molecular Cancer  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-026-02678-7](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-026-02678-7)  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nOrganoids in cancer therapy: translational applications and clinical promise  \nMingzhen Bai1,2†, Maoyun Liu1,2†, Sheng Wang1,2†, Ming Ran1,2, Jingyuan Ye1,2, Yuqin Xie1,2, Cheng Zhang1,2, Yi Wang1,2, Jiale Lu1,2, Fengsheng Dai 1,2*, Dewei Li 1* and Hui Li 1,2*  \nAbstract  \nCancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with its management challenged by profound biological complexity and substantial intratumoral and interpatient heterogeneity. Conventional preclinical tumor models fail to recapitulate key features of the human tumor microenvironment, limiting their translational relevance.  \nTumor organoids are three-dimensional (3D) culture systems that retain patient-specific tissue architecture and heterogeneity, and have emerged as powerful platforms for translational cancer therapy research. Recent advancesin organoid engineering, including microfluidic organoid-on-chip systems, 3D bioprinting, and next-generation biomaterials, have markedly improved physiological relevance, experimental controllability, and scalability. These innovations enable higher-throughput drug screening and more informative functional profiling to support individualized therapeutic decision-making. In parallel, organoid-based predictive modeling frameworks are creating new opportunities to rationally design precision treatment regimens and to elucidate mechanisms underlying therapeutic response and acquired resistance. Importantly, integrating organoid-derived functional readouts with molecular and clinical data is accelerating bench-to-bedside translation and strengthening the evidence base for personalized oncology. Here, we systematically summarize the multidimensional applications of organoids in translational cancer therapy, critically discuss their advantages and current limitations, and outline key directions for future development, with the aim of facilitating the implementation and optimization of precision oncology.  \nKeywords Organoid, Precision oncology, Tumor microenvironment, Drug screening, Organoid engineering, Translational cancer therapy  \n†Mingzhen Bai, Maoyun Liu and Sheng Wang contributed equally to this work.  \n*Correspondence: Fengsheng Dai[cqmudfs@163.com](cqmudfs@163.com)[ ](cqmudfs@163.com)Dewei Li[lidewei406@sina.com](lidewei406@sina.com)[ ](lidewei406@sina.com)Hui Li  \n[lih@cqu.edu.cn](lih@cqu.edu.cn)  \n1Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Tumor Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China 2Chongqing Key Laboratory for the Mechanism and Intervention of Cancer Metastasis, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China  \nIntroduction  \nCancer persists as a predominant cause of mortality globally. Advances in molecular subtyping and precision medicine have broadened the clinical use of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Nonetheless, clinical benefit is often limited by biological complexity and pronounced intratumoral as well as interpatient heterogeneity [1, 2]. Translational progress is further constrained by preclinical models that incompletely capture key features of human tumors. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures lack physiologically relevant three-dimensional cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions and therefore  \n© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party mat","cbCaisXFc4zgWcx7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisXFc4zgWcx7","pdf",5095163,22,"English","# Introduction\n## Limitations of conventional preclinical models\n## Organoid technology and its rationale","[{\"question\":\"Why are conventional preclinical tumor models limited for translation?\",\"answer\":\"They fail to recapitulate key features of the human tumor microenvironment, which reduces how well experimental findings reflect clinical outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What are tumor organoids and why are they useful?\",\"answer\":\"Tumor organoids are patient-specific 3D culture systems that retain tissue architecture and heterogeneity, providing a more physiologically relevant platform for translational therapy research.\"},{\"question\":\"How do organoid engineering advances improve translational research?\",\"answer\":\"Techniques such as organoid-on-chip systems, 3D bioprinting, and next-generation biomaterials enhance physiological relevance, controllability, and scalability, enabling higher-throughput drug screening and functional profiling.\"}]","Organoids in cancer therapy: translational applications and clinical promise | PDF",1790121863,55]