[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-333075-105":59,"doc-detail-333075-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","organoids-an-emerging-precision-medicine-model-for-prostate-cancer-research","Organoids: An Emerging Precision Medicine Model for Prostate Cancer Research","","Prostate cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy in men worldwide and a leading cause of cancer mortality, creating an urgent demand for models that mirror genomic evolution and molecular alterations during disease development and progression. 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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1093. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms25021093  \nAcademic Editor: Holger Hans Herman Erb  \nReceived: 8 December 2023  \nRevised: 12 January 2024  \nAccepted: 15 January 2024  \nPublished: 16 January 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA; [mwaseem@umes.edu](mwaseem@umes.edu)  \n2 Hormone Related Cancers Program, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA  \n* [Correspondence: bwang@umes.edu](Correspondence: bwang@umes.edu)  \nAbstract: Prostate cancer (PCa) has been known as the most prevalent cancer disease and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men almost all over the globe. There is an urgent need for establishment of PCa models that can recapitulate the progress of genomic landscapes and molecular alterations during development and progression of this disease. Notably, several organoid models have been developed for assessing the complex interaction between PCa and its surrounding microenvironment. In recent years, PCa organoids have been emerged as powerful in vitro 3D model systems that recapitulate the molecular features (such as genomic/epigenomic changes and tumor microenvironment) of PCa metastatic tumors. In addition, application of organoid technology in mechanistic studies (i.e., for understanding cellular/subcellular and molecular alterations) and translational medicine has been recognized as a promising approach for facilitating the development of potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the application of PCa organoids in the high-throughput screening and establishment of relevant xenografts for developing novel therapeutics for metastatic, castration resistant, and neuroendocrine PCa. These organoid-based studies are expected to expand our knowledge from basic research to clinical applications for PCa diseases. Furthermore, we also highlight the optimization of PCa cultures and establishment of promising 3D organoid models for in vitro and in vivo investigations, ultimately facilitating mechanistic studies and development of novel clinical diagnosis/prognosis and therapies for PCa.  \nKeywords: prostate cancer; organoids; 3D model; precision medicine; in vitro and in vivo models; castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)  \n1. Introduction  \nAccording to the USA demographic investigations, about 20 million new cases and 10 million deaths from cancer are anticipated every year. The global burden has a prediction of about 30 million new cancer cases by 2040, indicating an expanding incidence of cancer in the upcoming years. In the United States, about 2 million (1,958,310) new cancer cases were reported in 2023 . Among the 2 million new cases, cancer prevalence in men was documented as about approximately 1 million (1,010,310) . Currently, in males, the most prevalent cancers occurred in genital organs (299,540), prostate (288,300), and digestive organs (194,980) . Notably, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer (288,300 estimated new cases in 2023) and the second leading cause of cancer deaths (34,700 estimated deaths in 2023) among men in the USA [1] .  \nIn PCa, andr","cbCaij2Lm2G0kp54","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaij2Lm2G0kp54","pdf",1315177,23,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n## Androgen receptor signaling and ADT\n## Castration-resistant progression and approved therapies\n## Need for high-fidelity preclinical models\n## Organoids as in vitro or ex vivo systems","[{\"question\":\"Why are prostate cancer organoid models urgently needed?\",\"answer\":\"Prostate cancer modeling must reflect genomic landscapes and molecular alterations throughout progression. Organoids aim to recapitulate these changes and interactions, enabling more accurate study and translation.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes organoids useful for prostate cancer precision medicine?\",\"answer\":\"Organoid technology provides powerful 3D in vitro models that reproduce molecular features of metastatic tumors and their tumor microenvironment, supporting biomarker and therapeutic strategy development.\"},{\"question\":\"Which research directions does the review emphasize for prostate cancer organoids?\",\"answer\":\"The review summarizes organoid applications in high-throughput screening, xenograft establishment, optimization of organoid cultures, and the creation of 3D models for mechanistic studies and clinical diagnosis/prognosis and therapy development.\"}]","Organoids: An Emerging Precision Medicine Model for Prostate Cancer Research | PDF",1790000731,58]