[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113360-en":3,"doc-seo-113360-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},113360,13056703019404,"Miles","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Orders without Borders - Direct Enforcement of Foreign Restraint and Confiscation Decisions","Orders without Borders analyzes the direct enforcement of foreign restraint and confiscation decisions, focusing on how such measures can be implemented across jurisdictions. The report outlines the international legal framework, contrasts direct versus indirect enforcement approaches, and reviews domestic legal approaches, authorities, scope, and conditions for refusal. It also identifies key challenges such as limited familiarity with procedures, insufficient information, differences in legal systems, competing requests, and resource constraints, providing actionable takeaways for policy and practice.","Orders without Borders  \nDirect Enforcement of Foreign Restraint and Confiscation Decisions  \nStefano Betti, Vladimir Kozin, and Jean-Pierre Brun  \nINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS  \nOrders without Borders  \nDirect Enforcement of Foreign Restraint and Confiscation Decisions  \nSTEFANO BETTI, VLADIMIR KOZIN, AND JEAN-PIERRE BRUN  \n© 2022 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433  \nTelephone: 202-473-1000; [Internet: www.worldbank.org](Internet: www.worldbank.org)[ ](Internet: www.worldbank.org)Some rights reserved  \n1 2 3 4 25 24 23 22  \nThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.  \nNothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.  \nRights and Permissions  \nThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) [http://](http://)[ ](http://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license), you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:  \nAttribution—Please cite the work as follows: Betti, Stefano, Vladimir Kozin, and Jean-Pierre Brun. 2021. Orders without Borders: Direct Enforcement of Foreign Restraint and Confiscation Decisions.  \nInternational Development in Focus. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1830-1.  \nLicense: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO  \nTranslations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.  \nAdaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank.  \nThird-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any thirdparty-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.  \nAll queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; [e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org](e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org).  \nISBN: ","cbCairFiY3btWSI8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairFiY3btWSI8","pdf",8376731,1,202,"English","en",105,"# Contents\n## CHAPTER 1 Introduction\n### 1.1 Background\n### 1.2 Objectives, Structure, Audience\n### 1.3 Methodology\n## CHAPTER 2 The International Legal Framework on Direct and Indirect Enforcement\n### 2.1 Un convention against corruption\n### 2.2 Enforcement of foreign confiscation orders under other legal instruments\n### 2.3 Enforcement of foreign ncb confiscation orders in the international legal framework\n### 2.4 Takeaways\n## CHAPTER 3 Domestic Legal Approaches to Direct Enforcement\n### 3.1 Overview\n### 3.2 Authorities Involved in Direct Enforcement\n### 3.3 Scope of Direct Enforcement Action\n### 3.4 Scope of the Examination by Requested Jurisdictions\n### 3.5 Existence of a Treaty and Reciprocity\n### 3.6 Substantive Conditions and Grounds for Refusal\n### 3.7 Direct Enforcement of Freezing and Seizing Orders\n### 3.8 Rights of Interested Parties\n### 3.9 Takeaways\n## CHAPTER 4 Challenges and Obstacles to Direct Enforcement Action\n### 4.1 Overview\n### 4.2 Limited Familiarity with and Use of Direct Enforcement Procedures\n### 4.3 Lack of Sufficient, or Sufficiently Precise, Information\n### 4.4 Difficulties Stemming from Lack of non-conviction-based (NCB) Procedures\n### 4.5 Lack of Understanding of Foreign Procedures\n### 4.6 Competing Requests from Different Jurisdictions\n### 4.7 Resource Constraints in Requested Jurisdictions\n### 4.8 Differences in Legal Systems and Procedures\n### 4.9 Slow and Time-Consuming Confiscation Proceedings in Requesting Jurisdictions","[{\"question\":\"What is covered by the report on direct enforcement of foreign decisions?\",\"answer\":\"The report covers how foreign restraint and confiscation decisions can be directly enforced across jurisdictions, including legal frameworks, domestic approaches, required authorities, scope of action, and conditions that affect enforcement.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report frame the international legal framework for direct and indirect enforcement?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews the international legal framework governing direct and indirect enforcement, including key instruments relevant to corruption-related matters, and explains enforcement of foreign confiscation orders under different legal bases.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges hinder effective direct enforcement in practice?\",\"answer\":\"Common obstacles include limited familiarity with direct enforcement procedures, insufficient or insufficiently precise information, differences in legal systems and procedures, competing requests, and resource constraints in requested jurisdictions.\"}]",1784503338,509,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"orders-without-borders-direct-enforcement-of-foreign-restraint-and-confiscation-decisions","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/orders-without-borders-direct-enforcement-of-foreign-restraint-and-confiscation-decisions/113360/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What 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