[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-83045-en":3,"doc-seo-83045-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},83045,13056703019404,"Miles","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Ordering by Unanimity Giving Applications Sequencing Rights Without Breaking Composability","Blockchain applications often require specific transaction execution ordering, such as running oracle updates before swaps, canceling limit orders before new market orders, or processing auction bids from highest to lowest. Because current blockchain-level ordering may conflict with application needs, the paper presents an “unanimity override” algorithm. When all involved applications agree on relative order, the protocol respects it; only preference cycles require cycle-breaking via a fallback default order derived from block appearance. Two attacker-robust guarantees ensure intended ordering for preference-expressing interactions and for gated transactions.","arXiv :2607 .06 144v 1 [ cs .DC] 7 Jul 2026  \nOrdering by Unanimity: Giving Applications Sequencing Rights  \nWithout Breaking Composability ∗  \nAndrea Canidio  \nCategory Labs  \nJuly 8, 2026  \nAbstract  \nBlockchain applications may have preferences over the order in which transactions execute: an automated market maker may use an external price feed to price its liquidity, and require that the oracle update incorporating this price execute before any swap; an order-book exchange may want to execute cancellations of limit orders before incoming market orders; an application may run an on-chain auction by executing bids from highest to lowest, so that the first bid wins. The problem is that, currently, the ordering of transactions is chosen by the underlying blockchain and may not be compatible with the requirements of a specific application. In this paper, I tackle this problem by introducing an algorithm called unanimity override. The intuition is that when all the applications agree on how to order two transactions, the underlying blockchain should respect this agreement; a default order—the order in which transactions appear in the block—settles the rest. The problem with this naive approach is that application unanimity is intransitive and may form cycles, which the algorithm must break. Cycle-breaking is also the rule’s main vulnerability because an attacker can insert transactions to manufacture a cycle. Yet two guarantees hold against any attacker who sets the default order, deploys applications, and inserts transactions. First, all transactions that interact with a single application that expressed preferences are ordered according to that application’s preferences, even when they also interact with other applications that did not express preferences. Second, gated transactions — those that cannot be outranked in the unanimity order by any transaction crafted by an attacker—always execute as the applications unanimously prefer, even when they touch many applications. Together, the two guarantees identify the preferences the protocol can protect, and they tell applications and senders in advance which transactions will execute in the intended order.  \n1 Introduction  \nA blockchain is a single, shared ledger on which multiple applications run and interact. This integration among applications on the same chain is called composability, and it is one of the main economic benefits of blockchains. For example, when a new asset is issued on chain — a native cryptocurrency, or an on-chain version of a traditional asset such as a stock or bond—anyone can then make it tradable on an existing market or usable as collateral in an existing lending protocol. Doing so requires a few steps, but no one’s permission. Applications also build on one another: a lending protocol can liquidate collateral through an existing market, again, without needing an explicit integration or agreement from this market. And a single transaction can touch several applications at once—passing through an on-chain router to trade across markets, or trading on  \n∗ I am grateful to Kushal Babel, Jan Camenisch, Andrei Constantinescu, Lioba Heimbach, Jason Milionis, Mike Setrin, and participants in the Category Labs internal research seminar for their comments and suggestions.  \ntwo markets at once to arbitrage away a price difference. Composability holds the promise of a globally integrated, decentralized financial system built on blockchains.  \nAt the same time, the fact that all applications run on the same blockchain also limits the applications that can be deployed to those compatible with the blockchain’s underlying design. This limitation is most evident in how transactions are ordered. A blockchain’s participants —validators, nodes, and users—must agree not only on which transactions to include in a block, but also on the order in which they appear: transactions execute in the order the block lists them, andreordering them changes the execution outcome. 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when the implied preferences form a cycle, a fallback based on the block’s default ordering breaks the cycle.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Why is cycle-breaking both necessary and a security vulnerability?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Application unanimity is intransitive and can create cycles, so cycle-breaking is required to produce a complete execution order, but it is also the main place an attacker could try to induce a cycle by inserting transactions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]