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Although it grows slowly and shows low mitotic activity, it can infiltrate adjacent tissues in advanced stages without metastasizing. The review synthesizes the latest knowledge on etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment options, emphasizing the need for careful differentiation from conventional SCC and close clinician–pathologist communication.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/oral-verrucous-carcinoma-a-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-challenge/377673/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/oral-verrucous-carcinoma-a-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-challenge/377673.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Patrick","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What distinguishes oral verrucous carcinoma from conventional squamous cell carcinoma?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Oral verrucous carcinoma must be differentiated from conventional squamous cell carcinoma because it shows less aggressive behavior and a more favorable prognosis.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why is close communication between clinician and pathologist important?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Accurate diagnosis requires mandatory close communication between the clinician and the pathologist to ensure correct differentiation and evaluation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What treatment approach is most successful according to the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Primary surgery with negative surgical margins seems to be the most successful treatment, although management recommendations are not uniform due to limited evidence from case reports and small retrospective series.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},377673,1790618476,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},549758146520,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470","[Radiology and Oncology | Ljubljana | Slovenia | www.radioloncol.com](Radiology and Oncology | Ljubljana | Slovenia | www.radioloncol.com)    \n1  \nreview  \nOral verrucous carcinoma: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge  \nNejc Kristofelc1 , Nina Zidar2 , Primoz Strojan3,4  \n1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital Dr. Franc Derganc Nova Gorica, Šempeter pri Gorici, Slovenia  \n2 Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia  \n3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia  \n4 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia  \nRadiol Oncol 2023; 57(1): 1-11.  \nReceived 17 December 2022 Accepted 29 January 2023  \nCorrespondence to: Nejc Krištofelc, M.D., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital Dr. Franc Derganc Nova Gorica, Ulica padlih  \nborcev 13 A, SI-5290 Šempeter pri Gorici, Slovenia. E-mail: [nejc.kristofelc@bolnisnica-go.si](nejc.kristofelc@bolnisnica-go.si)  \n[Disclosure: No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.](Disclosure: No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.)  \nThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY license ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).  \nBackground. Verrucous carcinoma is a low-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma with specific morphologic, cytokinetic and clinical features. Despite low mitotic activity and slow growth, it can infiltrate adjacent tissues in advanced stages but does not metastasize. The most frequently affected site is the oral cavity. The following article provides latest updates in the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics and treatment options in oral verrucous carcinoma and discusses the existing dilemmas linked to this unique malignancy.  \nConclusions. Oral verrucous carcinoma must be differentiated from conventional squamous cell carcinoma due to its less aggressive behaviour with a more favourable prognosis. Close communication between clinician and pathologist is mandatory for making a correct diagnosis. Primary surgery with negative surgical margins seems to be the most successful treatment. However, management recommendations are not uniform since they are mostly based on case reports and small retrospective case series. Prospective and pooled multi-institutional studies are therefore needed.  \nKey words: verrucous carcinoma; oral verrucous carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; diagnostics; differential diagnosis; treatment  \nIntroduction  \nHead and neck cancer is the world’s seventh most common cancer with over 870,000 new cases in 2020. Lip and oral cavity malignancies accounted for almost half of them.1 More than 90% of oral cavity cancers arises from squamous epithelium.2 Verrucous carcinoma is a low-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with specific morphologic, cytokinetic and clinical features.3 It is a locally aggressive tumour and does not metastasize to regional lymph nodes or to distant sites.4 In 1941, Friedell and Rosenthal first reported verrucous papillary lesions on the buccal mucosa in eight tobacco chewers.5 Seven years later,  \nAckerman described histopathologic and clinical features of this neoplasm. He defined it as a distinct clinicopathologic entity and introduced a term »verrucous carcinoma«.6  \nVerrucous carcinoma most often arises on mucous membranes of the head and neck region with the oral cavity most commonly involved, particularly buccal mucosa, gum and tongue.3 Oral verrucous carcinoma accounts for 0.57-16.08% of oralsquamous cell carcinoma (SCC)7–9 and is predominantly seen in males with the reported mean age at diagnosis between 49 and 69.5 years.9–11 In a study by Koch et al., glottic larynx was the most frequently affected nonoral site.3 Other reported locations in the head and neck region affected by  \nRadiol Oncol 2023; 57(1): 1-11. doi: 10.2478/raon-2023-0015  \n2  \nKristofelc N et al. / Review of or","cbCainLn0BeGc9HU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainLn0BeGc9HU","pdf",1469079,11,"English","# Introduction\n# Etiology\n# Clinical presentation\n# Diagnostics\n# Treatment options\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"What distinguishes oral verrucous carcinoma from conventional squamous cell carcinoma?\",\"answer\":\"Oral verrucous carcinoma must be differentiated from conventional squamous cell carcinoma because it shows less aggressive behavior and a more favorable prognosis.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is close communication between clinician and pathologist important?\",\"answer\":\"Accurate diagnosis requires mandatory close communication between the clinician and the pathologist to ensure correct differentiation and evaluation.\"},{\"question\":\"What treatment approach is most successful according to the review?\",\"answer\":\"Primary surgery with negative surgical margins seems to be the most successful treatment, although management recommendations are not uniform due to limited evidence from case reports and small retrospective series.\"}]","Oral verrucous carcinoma: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge | PDF",1790226563,28]